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In this paper, results on a PM10 daytime–nighttime measurement campaign carried out in Milan to study the evolution of PM10 concentration and composition in relation to atmospheric dispersion conditions are shown. To account for the evolution of atmospheric dispersion conditions, Radon hourly concentration measurements were performed. The significant correlation between PM10 and 222Rn daytime concentrations evidences the dominant role of atmospheric dispersion in determining the temporal variation of PM10 levels. Whenever 222Rn concentrations accumulate during the night (indicating the formation of nocturnal atmospheric stability conditions), PM10 concentrations are higher than those registered during the daytime before, despite a decrease in emissions from active sources. On the contrary, when 222Rn concentrations do not accumulate during night hours, PM10 levels are lower than those measured during the daytime before. As concerns the average elemental concentrations (in ngm−3), the nighttime–daytime variations are in the range −17% to +37%; during the night, soil-related elements (Al, Si, Ca, Ti) decrease while anthropogenic elements (Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb) increase. A case study concerning a ‘green’ Sunday (when traffic was forbidden from 8a. M. To 8p. M. ) is also discussed. The difference of PM10 concentration and elemental composition registered during the ‘green’ Sunday daytime and the following nighttime, together with the information on atmospheric dilution power obtained by Radon measurements, allowed the characterisation of the traffic source elemental profile and increased the comprehension of the low effectiveness of some PM10 reduction strategies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Weekly measurements of 210Pb activity concentration on aerosol particles were performed at ground level in outdoor air in Milan (Italy) during the years 2000–2001. The experimental method was based on the delayed alpha spectrometry of in-grown 210Po activity detected on airborne particles collected on a filter support. On the same filter the 214Pb activity concentration was also measured during the sampling. 210Pb weekly concentration values showed a great variability and the average monthly values exhibited a seasonal pattern characterised by maxima in winter and minima in spring–summer. The same seasonal trend was also observed in 214Pb concentration values. 210Pb average yearly values were 0.70 and 0.82mBq/m3 in 2000 and 2001, respectively, in good agreement with literature data registered at continental sites of similar latitude and longitude. The activity ratio 210Pb/214Pb was used to evaluate the residence time of fine aerosols in the urban air of Milan, which was 1–2 days. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper a source apportionment of particulate matter pollution in the urban area of Milan (Italy) is given. Results of PM10 and PM2.5 mass and elemental concentrations from a 1-year monitoring campaign are presented. Mean annual and daily PM10 levels are compared with the limits of the EU Air Quality Directive EC/30/1999 and the results show that the limit values established would not be met in the urban area of Milan or the large surrounding area. Moreover, high levels of PM2.5 are registered and this fraction constitutes a high portion of the PM10 mass. In Milan the winter period is characterised by a high degree of air pollution due to a greater contribution of emissions and to adverse meteorological and thermodynamic conditions of the atmosphere. The application of multivariate techniques and receptor modelling (PCFA, APCFA) to the whole data-set led to the identification of the main emitting sources and to the source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in Milan. The most important sources were identified as ‘soil dust’, ‘traffic’, ‘industry’ and ‘secondary compounds’ for PM10 and as ‘soil dust’, ‘anthropogenic’ and ‘secondary compounds’ for PM2.5, explaining the greatest part of the total variance (91% and 75%, respectively). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Continuous measurement of hourly concentrations of 212Pb attached to aerosol particles was carried out during the whole year 2000 in the outdoor air of Milan (Italy).An improved experimental method based on on-line alpha spectroscopy during atmospheric particulate matter sampling allowed the contemporary determination of 212Pb and 214Bi through the deconvolution of the alpha energy spectral distribution analysis.The 212Pb hourly concentrations were about 100 times lower than 214Bi but showed a similar characteristic diurnal time trend. However, the influence of meteorological parameters such as rain and wind was more evident in 212Pb than in 214Bi concentrations.The 212Pb average annual concentration was 0.090±0.060 Bq/m3 with daily mean concentration varying from 0.013 to 0.333 Bq/m3. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, measurements of short- and long-lived Radon progeny attached to atmospheric fine aerosols are reported. Hourly measurements of 222Rn short-lived decay products (i.e. 214Bi via on-line alpha spectrometry on 214Po) in the atmosphere were carried out in Milan (Italy) from 1999 to 2016; 214Bi mean concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 38.1 Bq m−3. It is noteworthy that minima occurred in springtime although the strongest convective turbulence can be expected in summer, when the highest solar radiation is available; one order of magnitude higher values were observed in winter when the Po valley experienced poor atmospheric dilution. The Theil-Sen method was applied to investigate the long-time trend in de-seasonalised data series. Results showed that - although inter/intra-annual variations in 214Bi concentrations were observed in connection with differences in atmospheric dispersion conditions – no statistically significant trend over the investigated period was detected. On a sub-set of these samples, also weekly 210Pb concentrations were determined via off-line alpha spectrometry on 210Po; atmospheric activity concentration values ranged between 0.13 and 3.05 mBq m−3. The seasonal behaviour of 210Pb concentrations followed fairly well the 214Bi temporal pattern, showing that mixing layer dynamics is paramount in determining short- and long-lived Radon progeny levels in the atmosphere. From 210Pb/214Bi activity ratio, the residence time τ res of fine aerosols in the atmosphere was estimated to be on average 1 day, ranging from 11.0 to 55.3 h without any evident temporal trend. By exploiting the availability of mixing layer height data at our site, an alternative approach to estimate aerosol residence time was tested; this was based on a simple relationship relying on deposition velocity (from literature data) and mixing layer height (available at our monitoring station). Mean experimental τ res resulted in 1.2 days which was comprised in the 0.6–2.0 days range estimated by the alternative method. This result brings a noteworthy contribution to the scientific debate about differences among aerosol residence time estimates obtained by different radioactive parent-daughter couple; our results show that the 210Pb/214Bi (or equivalently 210Pb/222Rn) couple provides reliable estimates. Unlabelled Image • Natural radioactive isotopes are effective tracers to study atmospheric processes. • Fine aerosol residence times retrieved through long- and short-lived Radon progeny. • Fine aerosol residence times in Milan ranged between 11 and 55 h. • Residence time reliability assessed by deposition velocity and mixing layer height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]