13 results on '"Drosten, Christian"'
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2. Functional comparison of MERS-coronavirus lineages reveals increased replicative fitness of the recombinant lineage 5.
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Schroeder, Simon, Mache, Christin, Kleine-Weber, Hannah, Corman, Victor M., Muth, Doreen, Richter, Anja, Fatykhova, Diana, Memish, Ziad A., Stanifer, Megan L., Boulant, Steeve, Gultom, Mitra, Dijkman, Ronald, Eggeling, Stephan, Hocke, Andreas, Hippenstiel, Stefan, Thiel, Volker, Pöhlmann, Stefan, Wolff, Thorsten, Müller, Marcel A., and Drosten, Christian
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CORONAVIRUSES ,MERS coronavirus ,PHENOTYPIC plasticity - Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is enzootic in dromedary camels across the Middle East and Africa. Virus-induced pneumonia in humans results from animal contact, with a potential for limited onward transmission. Phenotypic changes have been suspected after a novel recombinant clade (lineage 5) caused large nosocomial outbreaks in Saudi Arabia and South Korea in 2016. However, there has been no functional assessment. Here we perform a comprehensive in vitro and ex vivo comparison of viruses from parental and recombinant virus lineages (lineage 3, n = 7; lineage 4, n = 8; lineage 5, n = 9 viruses) from Saudi Arabia, isolated immediately before and after the shift toward lineage 5. Replication of lineage 5 viruses is significantly increased. Transcriptional profiling finds reduced induction of immune genes IFNB1, CCL5, and IFNL1 in lung cells infected with lineage 5 strains. Phenotypic differences may be determined by IFN antagonism based on experiments using IFN receptor knock out and signaling inhibition. Additionally, lineage 5 is more resilient against IFN pre-treatment of Calu-3 cells (ca. 10-fold difference in replication). This phenotypic change associated with lineage 5 has remained undiscovered by viral sequence surveillance, but may be a relevant indicator of pandemic potential. MERS-CoV is enzootic in dromedary camels, can spread to humans but undergoes limited onward transmission. Here, Schroeder et al. compare clinical isolates of MERS-CoV in vitro and show that the predominantly circulating recombinant lineage 5 possess a fitness advantage over parental lineage 3 and 4 due to reduced activation of innate immune signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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3. Inhibition of Proprotein Convertases Abrogates Processing of the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein in Infected Cells but Does Not Reduce Viral Infectivity.
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Gierer, Stefanie, Müller, Marcel A., Heurich, Adeline, Ritz, Daniel, Springstein, Benjamin L., Karsten, Christina B., Schendzielorz, Alexander, Gnirß, Kerstin, Drosten, Christian, and Pöhlmann, Stefan
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PROPROTEIN convertases ,CORONAVIRUSES ,CORONAVIRUS diseases ,PANDEMICS ,PUBLIC health - Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection is associated with a high case-fatality rate, and the potential pandemic spread of the virus is a public health concern. The spike protein of MERS-CoV (MERS-S) facilitates viral entry into host cells, which depends on activation of MERS-S by cellular proteases. Proteolytic activation of MERS-S during viral uptake into target cells has been demonstrated. However, it is unclear whether MERS-S is also cleaved during S protein synthesis in infected cells and whether cleavage is required for MERS-CoV infectivity. Here, we show that MERS-S is processed by proprotein convertases in MERS-S–transfected and MERS-CoV–infected cells and that several RXXR motifs located at the border between the surface and transmembrane subunit of MERS-S are required for efficient proteolysis. However, blockade of proprotein convertases did not impact MERS-S–dependent transduction of target cells expressing high amounts of the viral receptor, DPP4, and did not modulate MERS-CoV infectivity. These results show that MERS-S is a substrate for proprotein convertases and demonstrate that processing by these enzymes is dispensable for S protein activation. Efforts to inhibit MERS-CoV infection by targeting host cell proteases should therefore focus on enzymes that process MERS-S during viral uptake into target cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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4. Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection.
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Drosten, Christian, Seilmaier, Michael, Corman, Victor M, Hartmann, Wulf, Scheible, Gregor, Sack, Stefan, Guggemos, Wolfgang, Kallies, Rene, Muth, Doreen, Junglen, Sandra, Müller, Marcel A, Haas, Walter, Guberina, Hana, Röhnisch, Tim, Schmid-Wendtner, Monika, Aldabbagh, Souhaib, Dittmer, Ulf, Gold, Hermann, Graf, Petra, and Bonin, Frank
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RESPIRATORY infections , *VIROLOGY , *SARS disease , *CORONAVIRUS diseases , *IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE , *REVERSE transcriptase polymerase chain reaction - Abstract
Summary: Background: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging virus involved in cases and case clusters of severe acute respiratory infection in the Arabian Peninsula, Tunisia, Morocco, France, Italy, Germany, and the UK. We provide a full description of a fatal case of MERS-CoV infection and associated phylogenetic analyses. Methods: We report data for a patient who was admitted to the Klinikum Schwabing (Munich, Germany) for severe acute respiratory infection. We did diagnostic RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence. From time of diagnosis, respiratory, faecal, and urine samples were obtained for virus quantification. We constructed a maximum likelihood tree of the five available complete MERS-CoV genomes. Findings: A 73-year-old man from Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, was transferred to Klinikum Schwabing on March 19, 2013, on day 11 of illness. He had been diagnosed with multiple myeloma in 2008, and had received several lines of treatment. The patient died on day 18, due to septic shock. MERS-CoV was detected in two samples of bronchoalveolar fluid. Viral loads were highest in samples from the lower respiratory tract (up to 1·2 × 106 copies per mL). Maximum virus concentration in urine samples was 2691 RNA copies per mL on day 13; the virus was not present in the urine after renal failure on day 14. Stool samples obtained on days 12 and 16 contained the virus, with up to 1031 RNA copies per g (close to the lowest detection limit of the assay). One of two oronasal swabs obtained on day 16 were positive, but yielded little viral RNA (5370 copies per mL). No virus was detected in blood. The full virus genome was combined with four other available full genome sequences in a maximum likelihood phylogeny, correlating branch lengths with dates of isolation. The time of the common ancestor was halfway through 2011. Addition of novel genome data from an unlinked case treated 6 months previously in Essen, Germany, showed a clustering of viruses derived from Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. Interpretation: We have provided the first complete viral load profile in a case of MERS-CoV infection. MERS-CoV might have shedding patterns that are different from those of severe acute respiratory syndrome and so might need alternative diagnostic approaches. Funding: European Union; German Centre for Infection Research; German Research Council; and German Ministry for Education and Research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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5. Performance and clinical validation of the RealStar® MERS-CoV Kit for detection of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus RNA.
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Corman, Victor Max, Ölschläger, Stephan, Wendtner, Clemens-Martin, Drexler, Jan Felix, Hess, Markus, and Drosten, Christian
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MIDDLE East respiratory syndrome , *RESPIRATORY infections , *CORONAVIRUSES , *RNA viruses , *RNA analysis , *DIAGNOSTIC reagents & test kits , *GENE amplification , *DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
Abstract: Background: A highly pathogenic human coronavirus causing respiratory disease emerged in the Middle East region in 2012. In-house molecular diagnostic methods for this virus termed Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) allowed sensitive MERS-CoV RNA detection in patient samples. Fast diagnosis is important to manage human cases and trace possible contacts. Objectives: The aim of this study was to improve the availability of existing nucleic acid amplification-based diagnostic methods for MERS-CoV infections by providing a real-time RT-PCR kit, including an internal control and two target regions recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). And to validate this kit (RealStar® MERS-CoV RT-PCR kit 1.0, Altona Diagnostics GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) using clinical samples of one MERS-CoV case from Munich and respiratory samples of patients with other respiratory diseases. Study design: An internal amplification control was included into the RT-PCR assays targeting the genomic region upstream of the Envelope gene (upE) and within open reading frame (ORF) 1A. Based on these assays, a ready-to-use real-time RT-PCR kit featuring both the upE and ORF1A assays was developed, validated and compared to the established in-house versions. Results: The performance of both RT-PCR assays included in the kit is comparable to the in-house assays. They show high analytical sensitivity (upE: 5.3 copies/reaction; ORF1A: 9.3 copies/reaction), no cross-reactivity with other respiratory pathogens and detected MERS-CoV RNA in patient samples in almost the same manner as the in-house versions. Conclusion: The kit is a valuable tool for assisting in the rapid diagnosis, patient management and epidemiology of suspected MERS-CoV cases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2014
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6. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group.
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de Groot, Raoul J., Baker, Susan C., Baric, Ralph S., Brown, Caroline S., Drosten, Christian, Enjuanes, Luis, Fouchier, Ron A. M., Galiano, Monica, Gorbalenya, Alexander E., Memish, Ziad A., Perlman, Stanley, Poon, Leo L. M., Snijder, Eric J., Stephens, Gwen M., Woo, Patrick C. Y., Zaki, Ali M., Zambon, Maria, and Ziebuhr, John
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MERS coronavirus , *CORONAVIRUS diseases , *EPIDEMIOLOGY , *VIRUS diseases - Abstract
The article discusses a study on the infection of a novel Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in the context of Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. It states that the infection appears to be geographically linked with cases originating from Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. It mentions that host preference of a virus is still incomplete and recommends the use of the virus name in scientific communications.
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- 2013
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7. Updates on chikungunya epidemiology, clinical disease, and diagnostics.
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Sam IC, Kümmerer BM, Chan YF, Roques P, Drosten C, and AbuBakar S
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- Africa epidemiology, Animals, Asia epidemiology, Chikungunya Fever diagnosis, Chikungunya virus genetics, Chikungunya virus immunology, Europe epidemiology, Genotype, Humans, Middle East epidemiology, Zoonoses, Aedes virology, Chikungunya Fever epidemiology, Chikungunya virus isolation & purification, Disease Outbreaks, Insect Vectors virology
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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an Aedes-borne alphavirus, historically found in Africa and Asia, where it caused sporadic outbreaks. In 2004, CHIKV reemerged in East Africa and spread globally to cause epidemics, including, for the first time, autochthonous transmission in Europe, the Middle East, and Oceania. The epidemic strains were of the East/Central/South African genotype. Strains of the Asian genotype of CHIKV continued to cause outbreaks in Asia and spread to Oceania and, in 2013, to the Americas. Acute disease, mainly comprising fever, rash, and arthralgia, was previously regarded as self-limiting; however, there is growing evidence of severe but rare manifestations, such as neurological disease. Furthermore, CHIKV appears to cause a significant burden of long-term morbidity due to persistent arthralgia. Diagnostic assays have advanced greatly in recent years, although there remains a need for simple, accurate, and affordable tests for the developing countries where CHIKV is most prevalent. This review focuses on recent important work on the epidemiology, clinical disease and diagnostics of CHIKV.
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- 2015
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8. Transmission of MERS-coronavirus in household contacts.
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Drosten C, Meyer B, Müller MA, Corman VM, Al-Masri M, Hossain R, Madani H, Sieberg A, Bosch BJ, Lattwein E, Alhakeem RF, Assiri AM, Hajomar W, Albarrak AM, Al-Tawfiq JA, Zumla AI, and Memish ZA
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Family Characteristics, Female, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Humans, Male, Middle East, Pharynx virology, RNA, Viral analysis, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Coronavirus genetics, Coronavirus isolation & purification, Coronavirus Infections transmission, Respiratory Tract Infections transmission
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Background: Strategies to contain the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) depend on knowledge of the rate of human-to-human transmission, including subclinical infections. A lack of serologic tools has hindered targeted studies of transmission., Methods: We studied 26 index patients with MERS-CoV infection and their 280 household contacts. The median time from the onset of symptoms in index patients to the latest blood sampling in contact patients was 17.5 days (range, 5 to 216; mean, 34.4). Probable cases of secondary transmission were identified on the basis of reactivity in two reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assays with independent RNA extraction from throat swabs or reactivity on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against MERS-CoV S1 antigen, supported by reactivity on recombinant S-protein immunofluorescence and demonstration of neutralization of more than 50% of the infectious virus seed dose on plaque-reduction neutralization testing., Results: Among the 280 household contacts of the 26 index patients, there were 12 probable cases of secondary transmission (4%; 95% confidence interval, 2 to 7). Of these cases, 7 were identified by means of RT-PCR, all in samples obtained within 14 days after the onset of symptoms in index patients, and 5 were identified by means of serologic analysis, all in samples obtained 13 days or more after symptom onset in index patients. Probable cases of secondary transmission occurred in 6 of 26 clusters (23%). Serologic results in contacts who were sampled 13 days or more after exposure were similar to overall study results for combined RT-PCR and serologic testing., Conclusions: The rate of secondary transmission among household contacts of patients with MERS-CoV infection has been approximately 5%. Our data provide insight into the rate of subclinical transmission of MERS-CoV in the home.
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- 2014
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9. Ecology, evolution and classification of bat coronaviruses in the aftermath of SARS.
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Drexler JF, Corman VM, and Drosten C
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- Africa, Animals, Asia, Cluster Analysis, Coronaviridae genetics, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Coronavirus Infections virology, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Viral, Humans, Latin America, Middle East, Phylogeography, Zoonoses epidemiology, Zoonoses virology, Chiroptera virology, Coronaviridae classification, Coronaviridae isolation & purification, Ecology
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In 2002/2003, a novel coronavirus (CoV) caused a pandemic, infecting more than 8000 people, of whom nearly 10% died. This virus, termed severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV was linked to a zoonotic origin from rhinolophid bats in 2005. Since then, numerous studies have described novel bat CoVs, including close relatives of the newly emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV. In this paper we discuss CoV genomic properties and compare different taxonomic approaches in light of the technical difficulties of obtaining full genomic sequences directly from bat specimens. We first present an overview of the available studies on bat CoVs, with details on their chiropteran hosts, then comparatively analyze the increase in bat CoV studies and novel genomic sequences obtained since the SARS pandemic. We then conduct a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genera Alpha- and Betacoronavirus, to show that bats harbour more CoV diversity than other mammalian hosts and are widely represented in most, but not all parts of the tree of mammalian CoVs. We next discuss preliminary evidence for phylogenetic co-segregation of CoVs and bat hosts encompassing the Betacoronavirus clades b and d, with an emphasis on the sampling bias that exists among bat species and other mammals, then present examples of CoVs infecting different hosts on the one hand and viruses apparently confined to host genera on the other. We also demonstrate a geographic bias within available studies on bat CoVs, and identify a critical lack of information from biodiversity hotspots in Africa, Asia and Latin America. We then present evidence for a zoonotic origin of four of the six known human CoVs (HCoV), three of which likely involved bats, namely SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and HCoV-229E; compare the available data on CoV pathogenesis in bats to that in other mammalian hosts; and discuss hypotheses on the putative insect origins of CoV ancestors. Finally, we suggest caution with conclusions on the zoonotic potential of bat viruses, based only on genomic sequence data, and emphasize the need to preserve these ecologically highly relevant animals. This paper forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "from SARS to MERS: 10years of research on highly pathogenic human coronaviruses"., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2014
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10. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus accessory protein 4a is a type I interferon antagonist.
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Niemeyer D, Zillinger T, Muth D, Zielecki F, Horvath G, Suliman T, Barchet W, Weber F, Drosten C, and Müller MA
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- Amino Acid Sequence, Coronavirus growth & development, Coronavirus Infections immunology, Coronavirus Infections metabolism, Humans, Middle East, Molecular Sequence Data, RNA, Double-Stranded metabolism, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome immunology, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome metabolism, Coronavirus pathogenicity, Coronavirus Infections virology, Immunity, Innate immunology, Interferon Type I antagonists & inhibitors, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virology, Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe acute respiratory infection with as yet unclear epidemiology. We previously showed that MERS-CoV counteracts parts of the innate immune response in human bronchiolar cells. Here we analyzed accessory proteins 3, 4a, 4b, and 5 for their abilities to inhibit the type I interferon response. Accessory protein 4a was found to block interferon induction at the level of melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) activation presumably by direct interaction with double-stranded RNA.
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- 2013
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11. Emerging human middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus causes widespread infection and alveolar damage in human lungs.
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Hocke AC, Becher A, Knepper J, Peter A, Holland G, Tönnies M, Bauer TT, Schneider P, Neudecker J, Muth D, Wendtner CM, Rückert JC, Drosten C, Gruber AD, Laue M, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S, and Wolff T
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- Coronavirus, Coronavirus Infections complications, Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Lung Injury virology, Middle East epidemiology, Respiratory Tract Infections complications, Respiratory Tract Infections virology, Syndrome, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Lung Injury etiology, Respiratory Tract Infections epidemiology
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- 2013
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12. Efficient replication of the novel human betacoronavirus EMC on primary human epithelium highlights its zoonotic potential.
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Kindler E, Jónsdóttir HR, Muth D, Hamming OJ, Hartmann R, Rodriguez R, Geffers R, Fouchier RA, Drosten C, Müller MA, Dijkman R, and Thiel V
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- Animals, Coronaviridae growth & development, Coronaviridae isolation & purification, Coronavirus Infections virology, Cytokines biosynthesis, Humans, Immune Evasion, Middle East, RNA, Messenger biosynthesis, RNA, Messenger genetics, RNA, Viral biosynthesis, RNA, Viral genetics, Respiratory Tract Infections virology, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Zoonoses virology, Coronaviridae pathogenicity, Coronaviridae physiology, Epithelial Cells virology, Virus Replication
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The recent emergence of a novel human coronavirus (HCoV-EMC) in the Middle East raised considerable concerns, as it is associated with severe acute pneumonia, renal failure, and fatal outcome and thus resembles the clinical presentation of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) observed in 2002 and 2003. Like SARS-CoV, HCoV-EMC is of zoonotic origin and closely related to bat coronaviruses. The human airway epithelium (HAE) represents the entry point and primary target tissue for respiratory viruses and is highly relevant for assessing the zoonotic potential of emerging respiratory viruses, such as HCoV-EMC. Here, we show that pseudostratified HAE cultures derived from different donors are highly permissive to HCoV-EMC infection, and by using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and RNAseq data, we experimentally determined the identity of seven HCoV-EMC subgenomic mRNAs. Although the HAE cells were readily responsive to type I and type III interferon (IFN), we observed neither a pronounced inflammatory cytokine nor any detectable IFN responses following HCoV-EMC, SARS-CoV, or HCoV-229E infection, suggesting that innate immune evasion mechanisms and putative IFN antagonists of HCoV-EMC are operational in the new host. Importantly, however, we demonstrate that both type I and type III IFN can efficiently reduce HCoV-EMC replication in HAE cultures, providing a possible treatment option in cases of suspected HCoV-EMC infection. IMPORTANCE A novel human coronavirus, HCoV-EMC, has recently been described to be associated with severe respiratory tract infection and fatalities, similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) observed during the 2002-2003 epidemic. Closely related coronaviruses replicate in bats, suggesting that, like SARS-CoV, HCoV-EMC is of zoonotic origin. Since the animal reservoir and circumstances of zoonotic transmission are yet elusive, it is critically important to assess potential species barriers of HCoV-EMC infection. An important first barrier against invading respiratory pathogens is the epithelium, representing the entry point and primary target tissue of respiratory viruses. We show that human bronchial epithelia are highly susceptible to HCoV-EMC infection. Furthermore, HCoV-EMC, like other coronaviruses, evades innate immune recognition, reflected by the lack of interferon and minimal inflammatory cytokine expression following infection. Importantly, type I and type III interferon treatment can efficiently reduce HCoV-EMC replication in the human airway epithelium, providing a possible avenue for treatment of emerging virus infections.
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- 2013
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13. Human coronavirus EMC does not require the SARS-coronavirus receptor and maintains broad replicative capability in mammalian cell lines.
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Müller MA, Raj VS, Muth D, Meyer B, Kallies S, Smits SL, Wollny R, Bestebroer TM, Specht S, Suliman T, Zimmermann K, Binger T, Eckerle I, Tschapka M, Zaki AM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA, Haagmans BL, and Drosten C
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- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, Animals, Cell Line, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Coronavirus Infections virology, Host Specificity, Humans, Mammals, Middle East epidemiology, Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A metabolism, Virus Replication, Coronavirus physiology, Receptors, Virus metabolism, Virus Attachment
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A new human coronavirus (hCoV-EMC) has emerged very recently in the Middle East. The clinical presentation resembled that of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) as encountered during the epidemic in 2002/2003. In both cases, acute renal failure was observed in humans. HCoV-EMC is a member of the same virus genus as SARS-CoV but constitutes a sister species. Here we investigated whether it might utilize angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV receptor. Knowledge of the receptor is highly critical because the restriction of the SARS receptor to deep compartments of the human respiratory tract limited the spread of SARS. In baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, lentiviral transduction of human ACE2 (hACE2) conferred permissiveness and replication for SARS-CoV but not for hCoV-EMC. Monkey and human kidney cells (LLC-MK2, Vero, and 769-P) and swine kidney cells were permissive for both viruses, but only SARS-CoV infection could be blocked by anti-hACE2 antibody and could be neutralized by preincubation of virus with soluble ACE2. Our data show that ACE2 is neither necessary nor sufficient for hCoV-EMC replication. Moreover, hCoV-EMC, but not SARS-CoV, replicated in cell lines from Rousettus, Rhinolophus, Pipistrellus, Myotis, and Carollia bats, representing four major chiropteran families from both suborders. As human CoV normally cannot replicate in bat cells from different families, this suggests that hCoV-EMC might use a receptor molecule that is conserved in bats, pigs, and humans, implicating a low barrier against cross-host transmission. IMPORTANCE A new human coronavirus (hCoV) emerged recently in the Middle East. The disease resembled SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), causing a fatal epidemic in 2002/2003. Coronaviruses have a reservoir in bats and because this novel virus is related to SARS-CoV, we investigated whether it might replicate in bat cells and use the same receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [ACE2]). This knowledge is highly critical, because the SARS-CoV receptor influenced pathology, and its localization in the deep respiratory tract is thought to have restricted the transmissibility of SARS. Our data show that hCoV-EMC does not need the SARS-CoV receptor to infect human cells. Moreover, the virus is capable of infecting human, pig, and bat cells. This is remarkable, as human CoVs normally cannot replicate in bat cells as a consequence of host adaptation. Our results implicate that the new virus might use a receptor that is conserved between bats, pigs and humans suggesting a low barrier against cross-host transmission.
- Published
- 2012
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