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Objective. Estimate the Zika prevalence in a dengueendemic municipality in Mexico, after the outbreak of 2015 to 2017. Materials and methods. Three serosurveys were conducted in Tapachula, Chiapas, in September 2018, March 2019 and November 2019. A commercial ZIKV and DENV anti-NS1 IgG ELISA were used to estimate each prevalence, their performance and adjustment of the cut-off value were compared with an in-house DENVs and ZIKV anti-EDIII IgG ELISA and the microneutralization test. Results. The anti-NS1 ZIKV titers decreased over time, causing that Zika prevalence decreased from 78.02 to 45.22%, while anti-NS1 DENV titers increased, and the prevalence remained above 95% over a two-year period. Conclusion. Optimal Zikaprevalence estimates can be obtained in a two-years period after outbreaks in dengue-endemic areas. The extension of the Zika outbreak is significantly higher than previously reported in Tapachula, highlighting the underreport of cases based on the routine flavivirus surveillance system in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing cancer burden particularly among less developed countries requires local data to plan and evaluate cancer control measures. This article describes the development of a population-based cancer registry network (PBCRN) in Mexico that took place between 2017 and 2020 and present related data. The PBCRN, led by the National Cancer Institute (Incan), included nine registries representing 11.3% of the Mexican population. Definitions, coding, and operative processes were based on international standards. All cities were visited to set up local structure; personnel were hired by Incan and trained in basic cancer registration in Merida. A specific software was developed. Regular virtual meetings took place for data verification and quality control. Data collection included institutions of the public and private health system. Personnel included 34 registrars, nine local leaders, and 12 staff members at the Incan. A total of 13 517 cases were recorded between 2017-2020, 64% percent of them were among females. Breast cancer was the more frequent malignancy (23.3%), followed by digestive organs with (18.4%) and female genital cancers (13.5%). Childhood (0-14 years) and adolescents cancer represented 4.4% of the total new cancer cases. The network was suspended in 2020. The present effort lacked sustainability and data were only partial. However, the experience provides valuable insights to be considered for the renewed cancer registration efforts that are currently ongoing in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Systematize the experience and identify challenges and lessons learned in the implementation of an initiative for integrated serosurveillance of communicable diseases using a multiplex bead assay in countries of the Americas. Methods. Documents produced in the initiative were compiled and reviewed. These included concept notes, internal working papers, regional meetings reports, and survey protocols from the three participating countries (Mexico, Paraguay, and Brazil) and two additional countries (Guyana and Guatemala) where serology for several communicable diseases was included in neglected tropical diseases surveys. Information was extracted and summarized to describe the experience and the most relevant challenges and lessons learned. Results. Implementing integrated serosurveys requires interprogrammatic and interdisciplinary work teams for the design of survey protocols to respond to key programmatic questions aligned to the needs of the countries. Valid laboratory results are critical and rely on the standardized installment and roll-out of laboratory techniques. Field teams require adequate training and supervision to properly implement survey procedures. The analysis and interpretation of serosurveys results should be antigen-specific, contextualizing the responses for each disease, and triangulated with programmatic and epidemiological data for making decisions tailored to specific population socioeconomic and ecologic contexts. Conclusions. Integrated serosurveillance as a complementary tool for functional epidemiological surveillance systems is feasible to use and key components should be considered: political engagement, technical engagement, and integrated planning. Aspects such as designing the protocol, selecting target populations and diseases, laboratory capacities, anticipating the capacities to analyze and interpret complex data, and how to use it are key. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To analyze the interpretation and implementation of the policies for the worker's health surveillance in the vector control program in Mexico. Materials and methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study in four states of Mexico using mixed methods that include semi-structured interviews, data on pesticides applied and the workers' results for plasmatic acetylcholinesterase activity analysis collected from the states' registries. Results. We identified an extended and varied use of highly hazardous pesticides and different processes to monitor occupational exposure to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in each state. None of the states calculated biological exposure indices. Conclusions. Knowledge of policies for workers' health surveillance needs to be strengthened and there is an urgent need to enhance the content of the existing policies to include the multiple, combined, and long-term occupational exposure of workers in the vector control program in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to revitalize the legacy of historian Rafael Altamira, a survivor from Spanish Nationalist State who left the country to live in exile at the end of the civil war. Throughout his life, he also resisted Franco's regime. The historian was targeted by Franco's officers, moved to America and established himself in Mexico as an expatriate agent of the resistance in the intellectual field. Because of that he had his works continually submitted to new publishing requirements, such as having passages suppressed in book translations and having books banned or revalidated by the censorship judgment. The aims of the present research are to identify the rules imposed by censorship apparatus and the way it functioned to ban or to allow the partial or total publication of those works. Thereby, we demonstrate the lasting surveillance on those works and their respective authors, editors and readers, subjected to an atmosphere of suspicion and guilt. By means of this study, it will be delineated the vicissitudes of a dictatorial regime which deprived the freedom of expression of intellectuals and which limited them to silence and self-repression. Also, it condemned others to be in exile as a way of cultural survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I carry out a theoretical investigation, with elements of the analysissynthesis method and comparative Law, on some twenty judicial documents -- from local and federal official Mexican sources -- that deal with "hawking" (halconeo), a conduct of informal surveillance for organized crime, carried out mainly by young people. After selecting and classifying these open sources, I identify two ideas that underlie them: the delimitation of polluting spaces and the use of objects with supposed extraordinary capacities to condemn their owner. The result is that the legal figure of hawking can illustrate a way in which the Mexican institutions are turning upside down what we would consider as evident. This, in turn, supposes that ambiguity spreads from the official legal discourse about what is true or false. However, this also allows us to describe the idea of secrecy that some instances of the Mexican State have. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health literacy is the process of obtaining knowledge, motivation and individual competencies to understand and access information, express opinions and make decisions with respect to health promotion and maintenance. This applies in different contexts, environments, and throughout life. This conceptual perspective is very necessary in the face of the SARS-CoV-2 virus emergency. This virus produces the Covid-19 disease, which has become a pandemic of devastating effects not only healthwise, but also, importantly, from an economic, political and social point of view. This essay seeks to establish the scientific evidence-based elements that guide public policies for prevention and control. Some of these elements are: a) epidemiologic intelligence. This includes not only the strategy of public surveillance, but also sentinel and event-based surveillance, as it is impossible to actually identify all positive cases; b) Mitigating measures against the spread of the epidemic, such as social distancing and hygiene, washing hands, quarantine, restricting movement and using masks, among others; c) Measures to suppress transmission when the number of cases is very high, such as strict measures to stay at home; d) strengthening health services 'capacity for medical attention and improving health services' ability to prevent transmission, including the use of diagnostic tests; e) the development of prophylactic vaccines against Covid-19, as well as the development of therapeutic agents. All of these actions must be rapidly implemented, from a multidisciplinary and multisectorial public health perspective, and they absolutely must also be taken with the community's participation as shared responsibility. Therefore, public health literacy is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Monitoring child development includes the promotion of development in the healthy child and the detection of delays and early indicators of disorders that begin in the first five years of life through easy-touse, easy to mark, and low-cost screening tests. Objective. To evaluate the internal reliability and inter-rater reliability of the ASQ-3 in Mexican preschool children. Method. The ASQ-3 was applied to parents and/or teachers of 33 - 60 month old children who attended the Centros de Desarrollo Infantil (Child Development Centers-CENDIS) in the public and private sectors of Mexico City. Results. A total of n = 1052 questionnaires were obtained, grouped into six age groups (33, 36, 42, 48, 54, and 60 months of age) according to the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 (ASQ-3). The levels of reliability of the ASQ-3 for each of the age groups were acceptable, with a range of α = .77 to α = .88. Regarding inter-rater reliability (parents vs. teachers), moderate correlation levels were observed. Discussion and conclusion. The results obtained suggest that this is a screening instrument that reliably evaluates the five areas of development that make up the ASQ-3 in pre-school children. This represents an opportunity to continue studying the psychometric characteristics of validity of this instrument in representative samples of Mexican children to optimize the process of early childhood development monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this article, we analyzed the unwanted effects of government support programs as promoted by the Program of Social Inclusion Prospera, the Food Support Program (PAL), and the Strategic Program for Food Security (PESA) and the School Kitchen Program on smallholder food production and consumption patterns. Methodology: In 2015, we carried out 46 surveys and 32 interviews with program beneficiaries and representatives of these social programs, in a case study in two communities of Calakmul, Campeche. Results: In this study, we argue that, with these programs, despite improvements in nutritional status, there has been an increase in the intake of high-energy food, rich in fat, sugar and sodium. People in the two communities tend to consume highly processed foods, while production and consumption of food produced in local farms and housegardens decreased. Misinformation, low educational levels, zero nutritional education and high availability of processed foods are some of the factors contributing to such consumption. Limitations: A limiting factor was to access to official information on how Prospera, PESA, PAL and the School Kitchen programs work in practice within communities. However, this limitation was overcome by performing in-depth interviews with public officials and especially with beneficiaries of the programs, to fully understand the functioning of each social program. Conclusion: We conclude that the public programs analyzed require better educational components regarding the quality of food consumed. Although it is not the main objective of the programs analyzed to promote food production, these programs should stimulate the production of traditional and healthy food through educational programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to analyse the factor structure of the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (DMQ-II), and to examine the relationships between the factors identified and Self-confidence, in order to conceptualize the decision-making process in adolescents under the Conflict Model of Decision Making. Participants were 992 Mexican high-school students, aged between 15 and 19 years. The three factors were identified as decision-making patterns in adolescents: a) Vigilance, b) Hipervigilance/Procrastination and c) Buck-passing. The Self-confidence showed a positive effect on Vigilance, and a negative effect on the other two patterns. Results are discussed considering the literature on decision making in adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In panoptic logic, video cameras serve to keep an eye on both public and private spaces, with the apparent goal of guaranteeing security, as well as consolidating the normalization of behavior. In the synoptic logic, the cameras allow many to see the life of a few, thanks to a predetermined framework of surveillance which typifies the behavior of the people being observed. Constant bombardment of images, inscribed in certain narrative frameworks, typify as potential delinquents certain social sectors. But how can the synoptic and panoptic logic be understood in the context of groups with a certain political and economic power? The paper respond to this questions. For this, an analysis is given of a criminal act which moved Mexican society: the disappearance and later discovery of the body of a four year old little girl in one of the more exclusive residential zones of Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2008, following the assassination of the son of a renowned Mexican businessman, the Mexican government, social organizations, businesses and the media signed the National Agreement for Security, Justice and Legality. This body proposed the creation of a Citizen Identification Card (CIC). Converting the assassination into a ‘big event’, it has generated a ‘moral panic’ in the country, which allowed the justification to put in place mechanisms of control and population surveillance – such as the CIC. In 2009, the federal government announced the creation of an identity card with biometric elements. However, this project had an obstacle: the struggle for databases and collection of data from the Mexican population. This article analyses how the CIC project, in Mexico, has generated a debate on the implications of concentrating on an identification card, using two forms of citizen identification: biometric and territorial reference identity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective. To compare the nosocomial infection (NI) rate obtained from a retrospective review of clinical charts with that from the routine nosocomial infection surveillance system in a community hospital. Material and Methods. Retrospective review of a randomized sample of clinical charts. Results were compared to standard surveillance using crude and adjusted analyses. Results. A total of 440 discharges were reviewed, there were 27 episodes of NIs among 22 patients. Cumulated incidence was 6.13 NI per 100 discharges. Diarrhea, pneumonia and peritonitis were the most common infections. Predictors of NI by Cox regression analysis included pleural catheter (HR 16.38), entry through the emergency ward, hospitalization in the intensive care unit (HR 7.19), and placement of orotracheal tube (HR 5.54). Conclusions. Frequency of NIs in this community hospital was high and underestimated. We identified urgent needs in the areas of training and monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, in Mexico and globally, closed circuit television (CCTV) has become the most pervasive surveillance model for urban spaces to record the daily activities of people. CCTV is not only a divices to support policies on security, organization of traffic, but instrument of social and political control. Taking the case of two municipalities in Mexico, this paper analyzes how these surveillance technologies allowing a certain management of the city as well as different forms of governmentality of population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To validate a method for screening cases of type 2 diabetes and monitoring at-risk people in a community in northern Mexico. Methods. The screening instrument for type 2 diabetes (ITD, for its Spanish acronym) was developed using a multiple logistic regression analysis that made it possible to determine the association between a new diagnosis of diabetes (a dependent variable) and 11 known risk factors. Internal validations were performed (through v-fold cross-validation), together with external validations (through the monitoring of a cohort of healthy individuals). In order to estimate the relative risk (RR) of developing type 2 diabetes, the total ITD score is calculated on the basis of an individual's risk factors and compared against a curve that shows the probability of that individual developing the disease. Results. Of the 525 people in the cohort, 438 (83.4%) were followed for an average of 7 years (4.5 to 10 years), for a total of 2 696 person-years; 62 (14.2%) people developed diabetes during the time they were followed. Individuals scoring 55 points based on their risk factors demonstrated a significantly higher risk of developing diabetes in 7 years (RR = 6.1; IC95%: 1.7 to 11.1); the risk was even higher for those with a score of 75 points (RR = 9.4; IC95%: 2.1 to 11.5). Conclusions. The ITD is easy to use and a valid screening alternative for type 2 diabetes. Its use will allow more individuals to benefit from disease prevention methods and early diagnosis without substantially increasing costs and with minimal use of laboratory resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the recent signing in Mexico of the «National Agreement for Security, Justice, and Legality» [Acuerdo Nacional por la Seguridad, la Justicia y la Legalidad (2008)], by different social actors, new implications for the security notion, and a new path for the policies against crime and violence have been established, rooted in surveillance technologies, risk management; this for the assumption that the crime and violence is located in «families and communities at whole». This paper analyses the security policies reconfiguration in Mexico in the last decade (1995-2008), from the National System for Public Security Law (1995) [Ley del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública], the Public Security National Plan, [Plan Nacional de Seguridad Pública], within National Crusade Against Crime and Delinquency (1998) [Cruzada Nacional contra el Crimen y la Delincuencia], to the Agreement referred; underlining the role of private security in the national security policies -like technology, logistics, or human resources suppliers. In this way, the interaction between non-public security organizations and States with politic institutions based on patronage and with weak democracy is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La migración a gran escala que tiene lugar actualmente de México a los Estados Unidos de América origina nuevos retos para la salud pública. Se deben diseñar políticas de salud bien fundamentadas que aborden los problemas emergentes de salud en los estadounidenses de origen mexicano y otras subpoblaciones de los Estados Unidos. En este artículo se describe un enfoque que permite analizar la carga de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV), tanto en mexicanos como en estadounidenses de ascendencia mexicana (en el contexto de la sociedad que acaban de abandonar). Estos datos se analizan también en el contexto de otras poblaciones de ascendencia hispanoamericana. La caracterización rigurosa de la población migrante mexicana permitirá explicar el estado de salud de los estadounidenses de ascendencia mexicana. De manera similar, la copiosa experiencia en salud pública acumulada en los Estados Unidos puede ser útil en la lucha para controlar las ECV en México. El primer paso lógico puede ser alinear los sistemas existentes de datos de los dos países y describir los patrones fundamentales del desenlace y las situaciones de riesgo de la enfermedad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Sociológicos is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)