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In this article, we explore the reasons that led André Breton to flee France in 1938 and seek refuge in Mexico. Moreover, we will analyze his image of Mexico, closer to surrealism than our common experience. In addition, we will examine his close relationship with Trotksky and Rivera, which led to their collaboration on the manifesto for an Independent and Revolutionary Act, in which an artist's unlimited freedom in his work is of outmost importance notwithstanding any ideological conditioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I analyze the work of the Estridentistas, a Mexican avant garde group of artists, whose work has been overlooked by most literary critics. After discussing their aesthetic paradigm in relation to the general avant garde movement, I focus on the changes and evolution within the Estridentista literature by examining the writings of these artists, mainly the work of Manuel Maples Arce, the leading figure of the movement. I compare the changes in their work with how the Estridentistas' aesthetic paradigm evolved in their four manifestos. I propose two stages to explain their literary evolution. In the first stage, they created a fragmented and highly abstract art by focusing on the meaning and the ambiguity of words, whereas in the second stage they produced cubist texts by mainly using metonymies. In addition, they showed interest in Mexican social problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]