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The paper has two objectives, the first is to identify during the period 1993-2022 the economic cycles of Mexico and the USA. The second consists of showing the degree of economic integration of the two countries. Production data was obtained from the FRED database of the Federal Reserve of St. Louis. For the first objective, the growth cycles method was used, while for the second, an integration measure known as LINK was calculated. With the support of the growth cycle method, four cycles with five recessions were found in Mexico and the USA. Regarding integration, the percentage change in the variance of Mexican GDP because of innovations in US GDP, after 16 quarters, was a LINK of 87.48. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The literature mostly investigates the impact of trade and financial integration on business cycle synchronization. The author differs by focusing on the real effective exchange rate as the target variable in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) region. In particular, the author investigates synchronization by analyzing the short- and long-run dynamics of the real effective exchange rates of Canada, Mexico and the US for 2008–2019. Design/methodology/approach: The author first employs stationarity and cointegration tests to specify and estimate the long-run equilibrium relation between the real effective exchange rates of Canada, Mexico and the US. The author then specifies and estimates an error-correction model for each real effective exchange rate in order to investigate whether the adjustment in eliminating disequilibrium is asymmetric. Findings: The results indicate that the real effective exchange rates of Canada, Mexico and the US are cointegrated with only one long-run equilibrium relation. Canada's real effective exchange rate responds symmetrically to eliminate both negative and positive disequilibrium with a similar speed of adjustment. However, the response of Mexico's real effective exchange rate is asymmetric, as it responds to eliminate only positive disequilibrium. The US real effective exchange rate does not respond to disequilibrium, perhaps because it has a large economy with much stronger competition beyond the NAFTA region than both Canada and Mexico. Originality/value: This is the first study that investigates real effective exchange rate synchronization in the NAFTA region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the effects of using different signal synchronization methods on the tailpipe emission factors obtained by on-road tests using PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement Systems). The event-based, static correlation, and dynamics correlation methods were applied to data obtained using different PEMS. The first database included 36 cargo vehicles following the same driving cycle in various cities in Colombia. The second database involved 16 passenger transport vehicles monitored under real operating conditions in Mexico. When comparing results with the event-based synchronization method as the reference, significant differences in emission factors (>25 %) were observed. Those differences depend directly on the physical setup of the PEMS. The dynamic correlation method exhibited the best performance in all cases. When using this method, we recommend to synchronize the CO 2 mass flow and fuel consumption variables first and then adjust the obtained synchronization to other species to account for differences in species diffusivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the role of trade and financial integration, productive specialization and monetary policies in the synchronization of business cycles in North America from a long-run perspective. For this purpose, we estimate seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models and Granger causality tests with annual panel data for Canada, the United States and Mexico during the period 1980-2019. The main findings suggest that: 1) trade integration has a positive effect and productive specialization a negative one on business cycle synchronization of the economies; 2) intra-industrial trade predominates in the region; 3) trade and financial integration processes are complementary; 4) financial integration promotes productive specialization; and, 5) progresses in trade and financial integration within the region are heterogeneous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main bovine reproductive biotechnologies are recapitulated herein in five sections, and their historical development and current status are analyzed, including the results generated in Mexico. In the 1970s, estrus synchronization and ovulation induction began; thus, the reproductive cycle started to be controlled with the resources available at that time, based on the knowledge of bovine reproductive physiology. Over the years, hormone therapy evolved as new compounds were discovered, refining methods to standardize the effect and generating new methods for the release of hormones. The most widely used biotechnology in the world, artificial insemination, owes its expansion to advances in semen processing, among which the development of diluents, cryopreservation, semen sexing, and computer-assisted sperm analysis stand out. The embryonic era began with the development of multi-ovulation and methods for collecting, evaluating, transferring, and cryopreserving embryos. The second embryonic era came with the fully in vitro production of embryos from immature eggs and frozen sperm, known as in vitro embryo production. Great research and material resources have been invested in this procedure, rendering it a pillar of genetic improvement and productivity, in combination with two other tools: sexed semen and genomic evaluations. A golden age of in vitro embryo production is on the horizon, with the possibility to produce accurate modifications in the embryo genome, thanks to gene editing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent study, Mejía‐Reyes, Díaz‐Carreño, and Aroca analyzed the synchronization of the business cycles of the states of Mexico. Using an extended gravitational model, they propose and test a set of variables to explain the co‐movement of those cycles. Following on from their work, this paper proposes that one variable in particular, economic complexity, not only explains the synchronization of the business cycles of Mexican states but, in fact, also does a better job at explaining it on its own than the entire set of seven variables proposed by Mejía‐Reyes et al. (2019). The paper provides a more parsimonious specification to explain the co‐movement of the states' business cycles by using a single variable that contains information on their relative productive structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to understand biological cancer drug availability through registration and prices of the biological agents used for cancer therapy and authorized for sale in the last 5 years in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico, comparing the data to those for the United States of America (USA) and Spain. The regulatory agencies' websites were assessed for drugs registered between January 1, 2014, and February 20, 2019. Drug prices were sought in the clerical databases. Prices were also compared using purchasing power parity (PPP). The comparison between the purchasing power (PP) of the three Latin American countries is hampered by market heterogeneity and uncertainty in the data. There is no registration synchronization. The average difference between the launch time in the USA and in the other countries is 1.6 to 2.6 years. The USA has the lowest PPP values, compared to the Latin American countries studied, but higher prices. Differences in registration time reveal issues in drug access in the Latin American countries studied or a lack of equity between countries. The economic effort that these countries make to have access to these supplies is much higher than that of the USA and Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten amber inclusions of male Ripidiinae (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae) are reported from Early Miocene deposits of the Dominican Republic and compared with extant species of Neorrhipidius Viana, 1958 from Argentina and Paraguay and Quasipirhidius Zaragoza Caballero, 1991 from Mexico. Neorrhipidius seicherti sp. n. and Quasipirhidius luzziae sp. n. are described and illustrated. Both species are characterised by 11-segmented antennae with eight distal antennomeres uniflabellate, mouthparts reduced to maxillary palpi represented by long styli with fused basal palpomeres, by metathoracic wings without crossveins and tarsal formula of 5-5-4. Neorrhipidius seicherti sp. n. differs from Quasipirhidius luzziae sp. n. by the presence of postocular ommatidia and by the shape of metascutellum. The distribution of fossil and extant Ripidiinae in Central America is briefly discussed. Furthermore, the frequent occurrence of Quasipirhidius luzziae sp. n. in amber as syninclusions suggests possibly unique synchronisation of emergence unknown in extant taxa or more likely intraspecific aggregative behaviour by males prior to mating with receptive females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the degree of synchronization between the Mexican states and the US business cycles by using a growth cycle approach for the period 1997-2007. The business cycle indicators are obtained from seasonally-adjusted monthly manufacturing production. Our results confirm that the Mexican aggregate cycle is highly synchronized with the US business cycle. However, although specific Mexican state cycles are pro-cyclical with respect to the US business cycle, their synchronization is very heterogeneous. In particular, it is strong and robust only for the states of Baja California, Jalisco, Nuevo León and the Federal District, and at least moderate for the state of Mexico and Querétaro. The results are robust with respect to three different detrending methods. Synchronization may be explained by the high volumes of international trade carried out by foreign firms in the case of the central and traditionally industrialized states, and by the "maquila" production in the Northern bordering states. This synchronization may be explained by the vertical integration of the productive processes resulting from the internationalization of production of multinational firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data on manufacturing production for the entire industry and 8 of its 9 divisions, we find little evidence of synchronization between manufacturing output in Mexico and the US. Hence, it is unlikely that the synchronization of the business cycles of these two countries emerged as the result of the synchronization of economic activity in the manufacturing industry, as previous studies have suggested. Given these results, we propose two alternatives for explaining business cycles synchronization: the dynamics of the gross domestic product of the service sector and aggregate consumption. We show that both Mexican variables share common trends and common cycles with their US counterparts. We recommend further research to evaluate how these aggregates have contributed to the synchronization of the business cycles in Mexico and the US [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We apply the cross sample entropy method to geoelectrical time series collected from independent channels (North–South and East–West directions) monitored at two sites located in Mexico, to assess the presence of pattern synchrony between the signals, particularly in the proximity of earthquakes. To our best knowledge, this method has not been applied yet for the study of electrical signals related to earthquake activity. Moreover, we introduce the multiscale pattern synchrony analysis by extending the multiscale entropy technique to calculate the cross-entropy between two signals, which represents a novel approach to the study of pattern synchrony. The results obtained suggest that in the vicinity of an earthquake the geoelectrical signals exhibit pattern synchrony that persists for long sequences and through multiple scales, in addition to the presence of correlations in each channel. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Characterization of spatial and temporal changes in the dynamic patterns of a nonstationary process is a problem of great theoretical and practical importance. On-line monitoring of large-scale power systems by means of time-synchronized Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) provides the opportunity to analyze and characterize inter-system oscillations. Wide-area measurement sets, however, are often relatively large, and may contain phenomena with differing temporal scales. Extracting from these measurements the relevant dynamics is a difficult problem. As the number of observations of real events continues to increase, statistical techniques are needed to help identify relevant temporal dynamics from noise or random effects in measured data. In this paper, a statistically based, data-driven framework that integrates the use of wavelet-based EOF analysis and a sliding window-based method is proposed to identify and extract, in near-real-time, dynamically independent spatiotemporal patterns from time synchronized data. The method deals with the information in space and time simultaneously, and allows direct tracking and characterization of the nonstationary time-frequency dynamics of oscillatory processes. The efficiency and accuracy of the developed procedures for extracting localized information of power system behavior from time-synchronized phasor measurements of a real event in Mexico is assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to measure the effects of market demand and seasonality on new product introduction. Major factors contributing the variability of market demand and seasonality of new products have been discussed in reference to timing of introducing new products, variability of consumer preferences, retail sales, and product promotion. The study is based on 243 new products in selected self-service stores in Mexico, which belong to major food products sectors for the reference period 2002-2006. Results of the study reveal that market demand and seasonality factors are most important for the timing of new product introductions, as such conditions determine success of the new products in a given market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]