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• The dietary antioxidant index (DAI) is inversely associated with insulin resistance (IR). • It was observed that girls with a higher DAI have a lower risk of IR. • DAI shows a protective effect of IR in children and young people with obesity. • The study underscores the need for antioxidant consumption recommendations in youth. Antioxidant intake is inversely associated with different health outcomes; however, its association with insulin resistance (IR) has not been well documented. We hypothesized that the Dietary Antioxidant Index (DAI) is inversely associated with IR in Mexican children and adolescents. A cross-sectional analysis was performed using data from the Health Workers Cohort Study. A total of 830 children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years were enrolled. The DAI was evaluated in three categories defined by tertiles using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. IR was defined using previously reported cutoff points in the homeostasis model assessment. This association was evaluated using a multiple logistic regression model. Stratified analysis was performed using body mass index and sex. The prevalence of IR based on the DAI categories (low, medium, high) was 23.8%, 24.2%, and 15.3%, respectively. The IR odds ratio (OR) for participants in the highest DAI category was 0.49 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.30-0.80). Notably, female Children and Adolescents in the highest DAI category had significantly lower odds of developing IR than those in the lowest DAI category (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.29-0.98). Participants with overweight/obesity showed a similar association (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.18-0.76). These results suggest that the DAI is inversely associated with IR, particularly in females, highlighting the potential role of antioxidants in preventing IR. This underscores the need to establish recommendations for antioxidant consumption in female children and adolescents. [Display omitted] An inverse association between the DAI and insulin resistance IR is shown in female Mexican children and adolescents. Girls with a higher DAI have a lower probability of IR. A similar association is observed in participants with overweight and obesity, which supports the need to establish recommendations on antioxidant consumption in the Mexican population. Abbreviations: DAI: Dietary Antioxidant Index, IR: insulin resistance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of anaemia in adolescence increases due to accelerated growth. This study aims to: (1) estimate the prevalence of anaemia in 2012 and 2018–2019 (Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutricion – ENSANUT [n = 5841 in 2012 and n = 2380 in 2018–2019]) in non‐pregnant, Mexican adolescent women aged 12–19 years, and the changes in prevalence over this period according to sociodemographic, health and nutrition characteristics; (2) estimate the associations between anaemia and sociodemographic, health and nutrition characteristics in each year and overall, in non‐pregnant Mexican adolescent women. Anaemia was defined as capillary haemoglobin <12 g/dL. The distribution of characteristics and their changes between 2012 and 2018–2019 were described. The covariate‐adjusted prevalence of anaemia in 2012 and 2018–2019 and the changes over that period were estimated from a multiple log‐binomial regression model and the factors associated with anaemia were assessed in each survey year and in both years combined. The prevalence of anaemia was 7.7% in 2012 and 13.1% in 2018–2019 (69% increase, Prevalence Ratio: PR = 1.69; 95%CI: 1.35, 2.13). The covariate‐adjusted prevalence of anaemia increased from 6.9% to 10.5% in the overall population (PR = 1.53, 95%CI: 1.19, 1.96), and increased considerably in the age group 12–14 years (PR = 1.94, 95%CI: 1.36, 2.75), and in the northern region (PR = 3.68, 95%CI: 2.55, 5.32). Those receiving iron supplements or school breakfasts did not register a significant increase. A higher household wellbeing status and older age were associated with a lower prevalence of anaemia. Anaemia in non‐pregnant adolescent women continues to be a public health problem. To improve the development and health of adolescent women in Mexico and to pave the way to a healthy pregnancy for the next generation, the causes of anaemia should be identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on cross-sectional data from a national survey of Mexican adolescents aged 14 to 17 years, we analyzed parents' support to their autonomy and their satisfaction. Acknowledging independence and volitional functioning as two dimensions of autonomy, we approached the following questions: whether adolescents were satisfied with the autonomy granted by their parents; whether parents supported both dimensions of autonomy; which variables predict such satisfaction; and whether there were differences according to the sex of the parents and the adolescents. We carried out two ordinal logit regression models and odds ratio for each parent and found that adolescents were satisfied with their parent's support to autonomy, except to being out of home alone; there are strong gender differences in autonomy satisfaction, as girls are 50% less likely to be satisfied; predictors also differ according to the sex of parent, either in their level of contribution or in the area where support is provided. Being out alone and choosing friends were predictors in both parents' models. Choosing dressing-style predicts autonomy satisfaction in the mother's model while choosing romantic partners predicts it in the father's. In the volitional dimension, the variables of what is right or wrong in the mother's model and trust in adolescent's abilities in decision-making in the father's model contributed more to satisfaction. We discuss these findings in terms of the distribution of jurisdictional areas of decision-making between parents and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the associations between traditional gender roles (TGRs) and substance use among early adolescents in Mexico’s largest cities. The sample of seventh grade students (n = 4,932) attended 26 public schools in Mexico City, Guadalajara, or Monterrey in 2014. Outcomes included recent alcohol, binge drinking, cigarette and marijuana use, and lifetime poly-substance use; substance-use intentions, norms, attitudes, and expectancies; and substance-use exposure (peer use, offers) and resistance (refusal confidence, refusal skills, and decision-making skills). A TGR scale assessed endorsement of a polarized gender division of family labor and power. As hypothesized, among males, TGRs were consistently associated with poorer outcomes, and this association was usually stronger for males than for females. In contrast, among females there was no evidence that TGRs were associated with desirable outcomes. Contrary to expectations, TGRs predicted poorer outcomes for both females and males, and to equivalent degrees, for binge drinking, cigarette use, positive substance-use expectancies, and friends’ approval of substance use, and they predicted poorer outcomes for females but not for males on parental disapproval of substance use and drug-resistance skills. Interpretations highlight the persisting aspects of TGRs in the family and conflicting messages for females as Mexico undergoes changes in its gender order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lifestyle changes when transitioning from high-school to college expose students to unhealthy behaviors associated with high cardiovascular risk. The study aimed to assess the cardiovascular behavior metrics according to the AHA criteria, in freshman college adolescents from Northwest Mexico., Methods: The study was cross-sectional. Demographics and health history were collected by questionnaires. Four behaviors were evaluated: diet quality using a duplicated FFQ, physical activity (PA) using the IPAQ, smoking, and body mass index (BMI) percentile; blood pressure was measured as a biological metric. Intakes were averaged and summed for each food group; sodium and saturated fat were calculated using the Mexican System of Food Equivalents or the USDA Database. Metrics were categorized into ideal, intermediate or poor level according to the AHA criteria. Diet outliers (± 3 SD) were trimmed and data was tested for normality. Mean±SD were calculated for continuous and percentages for categorical variables. Chi-square test compared the prevalence of demographic variables and levels of each cardiovascular metric by sex. Independent T-test evaluated differences in anthropometrics, dietary, and PA by sex, and the prevalence of ideal vs. non-ideal dietary intakes., Results: Participants were n = 228, 55.6% men, age = 18.5±0.4 y. A higher prevalence of men indicated working, playing sports, and family history hypertriglyceridemia (p < 0.05). Men showed higher weight, height, BMI, waist, blood pressure, and lower PA and body fat (p < 0.05). Concerning diet quality, significant differences by sex were observed in nuts and seeds (1.1±0.6 and 0.9±0.6 oz/week, p = 0.042) and processed meats (749.8±639 and 503.6±300.3 g/week, p = 0.002); only fish and shellfish group reached AHA recommendations (513.1 ± 450.7 vs. 501.7 ± 428 g/week, p = 0.671) for men and women, respectively. Ideal level was reached by 70.9% participants for BMI percentile, 87% for smoking, 67.2% for blood pressure, 25.9% for PA, and 12.2% for diet score. Regarding food groups and nutrients, the lower prevalence in the ideal level was for sugar-sweetened beverages (10%, p = 0.013) and processed meats (4.8%, p = 0.208), and the highest for fish and shellfish (87.8%, p = 0.281) ., Conclusions: The diet and PA patterns of Northwest Mexican freshman adolescents make them a high-risk group for developing long-term unhealthy habits and cardiovascular complications early in adulthood., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background/Objective: Insulin resistance (IR) is a metabolic disorder that is increasing worldwide and has been associated with several negative health outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between different dietary patterns and IR among Mexican children and adolescents. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis on baseline data from Mexican children and adolescents aged 7-18 years participating in the Health Workers Cohort Study. We included 916 children and adolescents of both sexes. Fasting serum glucose and insulin levels were determined by standardized methods. We defined IR using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) as ≥3.5. Factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns. The associations of interest, those between IR and dietary patterns, were analyzed with multiple logistic regression models. Results: IR prevalence was 20.3% among girls and boys aged 7-18 years, for whom the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 29.7%. We identified 3 major dietary patterns in this group: 'Western', 'prudent' and 'high protein/fat'. For the purposes of this analysis we compared the upper versus the lower quintile of each dietary pattern. Independently of other covariates, participants in the highest quintile of the Western pattern had 92% greater odds of IR (OR 1.92,95% Cl: 1.08-3.43) compared with those in the lowest quintile. Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis that high carbohydrate diets like our Western dietary pattern may increase IR in young people. This result emphasizes the importance of preventive nutrition interventions geared toward Mexican children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Little is known about the age of initiation and gender differences in substance use among adolescents in rural, central Mexico. Methods: The cross-sectional data were collected from students enrolled in the Videobachillerato (VIBA) (video high school) programme in Guanajuato, Mexico. Questionnaires asked students about the age at which they had used alcohol, cigarettes, or cannabis for the first time. Kaplan–Meier Survival Functions were used to estimate if males and females were significantly different in their cumulative probabilities of initiating substances over time. Results: On average, alcohol is initiated at 14.7years of age, cigarettes at 15.1years of age, and cannabis at 16.5years of age. Over time, males had a significantly higher probability of initiating alcohol (Kaplan–Meier Failure Curve: X 2 =26.35, p <0.001), cigarettes (Kaplan–Meier Failure Curve: X 2 =41.90, p <0.001), and cannabis (Kaplan-Meier Failure Curve: X 2 =38.01, p <0.001) compared to females. Conclusions: These results highlight the gendered patterns of substance use initiation among adolescents in rural, central Mexico and underscore the need for gendered substance use prevention interventions with these adolescents. By putting forth efforts to understand substance use initiation patterns of adolescents living in rural, central Mexico, culturally specific and efficacious prevention efforts can be tailor-made to create lasting differences. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objetive. To describe the frequency of anemia and iron, zinc, copper and magnesium deficiencies among Mexican adolescents in the probabilistic survey ENSANUT 2006. Materials and methods. The sample included 2 447 adolescents aged 12 to 19 y. Capillary hemoglobin and venous blood samples were collected to measure the concentrations of ferritin, sTFR, CRP, zinc, iron, copper and magnesium. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess the risk for mineral deficiencies. Results. The overall prevalence of anemia was 11.8 and 4.6%, body iron deficiency 18.2 and 7.9% for females and males, respectively. Overall prevalence of tissue iron deficiency was 6.9%, low serum copper were14.4 and 12.25%; zinc 28.4 and 24.5%, magnesium 40 and 35.3%; for females and males, respectively. Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of mineral deficiency in Mexican adolescents; females were more prone to have more mineral deficiencies. Nutritional interventions are necessaries in order to reduce and control them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using ecological risk and resiliency theory, this exploratory study examined the relationship between parental support and parental monitoring on male and female adolescents' lifetime and recent use of alcohol, cigarettes and marijuana among a sample of 980 adolescents from Tijuana, Mexico. The participants' ages ranged from 15 to over 22 years. Approximately 25%% of the participants indicated that their families were of low socioeconomic status (SES) and majority of participants' mothers (74.2%%) and fathers (68.6%%) had less than a high school education. The results of this study indicated that parental support and parental monitoring were significant predictors of lower lifetime and recent substance use for males and females. Parental support significantly predicted lower lifetime and recent cigarette use among males and lower recent marijuana use among females. Parental monitoring, however, was a stronger predictor of lower recent alcohol, cigarette and marijuana use among adolescent females in the study. Because substance use in Mexico tends to be higher in cities that border the United States, understanding protective factors against adolescent substance use is important in the development of culturally appropriate substance abuse prevention programmes in Mexico. Implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Previous studies have suggested high rates of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted infections in the U.S.-Mexico border region. However, no information is available on the risk for HIV infection among Mexican adolescents living in this geographic area. This study examines the prevalence of HIV risk practices and psychosocial correlates among 370 high school students in the border city of Tijuana, Mexico, by gender and age group. The results indicate substantial risk for HIV infection among Tijuana youth due to unprotected sexual practices, lifetime rates of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, and needle-sharing practices, mostly related to tattooing and body piercing. These findings suggest the need for HIV prevention programs for Tijuana adolescents. These programs must be culturally sensitive and tailored to meet the needs of the different age and gender groups in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a lack of region-adapted tools to evaluate diet as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adolescents. The study aim was to evaluate the reproducibility and validity of a paper-based and region-adapted food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) designed to assess CVD-related food and nutrient intakes of adolescents from Northwest México. The study design was cross-sectional. The FFQ was developed in a two-step process: prototype designing and a pilot test, with re-tested in a 3-month period, along with two administrations of 24 h-recall (24 hR). Pearson's and intra-class correlation coefficients (PCC and ICC) were assessed. Bland-Altman plots, limits of agreement and quintile classifications were carried out. Participants ( n 221) were 53·8 % male, 18·5 ± 0·4 years old. Reproducibility had a median PCC = 0·66 for processed meats, ranging from 0·40 (saturated fat) to 0·74 (fish & shellfish), P = 0·001. ICC ranged from 0·53 (saturated fat) to 0·80 (sodium; and nuts, seeds and legumes), P = 0·001. Validity comparing FFQ1 v. 24 hR mean, PCCs ranged from 0·12 ( P = 0·06) to 0·95 ( P = 0·001), and ICC from 0·20 ( P = 0·048) to 0·88 ( P = 0·001); comparing FFQ2 v. 24 hR mean, PCCs ranged from 0·07 ( P = 0·25) to 0·46 ( P = 0·001), and ICC from 0·15 ( P = 0·106) to 0·58 ( P = 0·001). The FFQ overestimated the intake of all food groups and nutrients ( P < 0·05), while Cohen's κ showed coefficients lower than 0·20. The proposed FFQ represents a moderately validated tool to estimate CVD-related food and nutrient intakes as a risk factor, which can be used in combination with multiple administrations of 24 hRs, as a critical mean in future interventions intended to reduce cardiometabolic risk in adolescents., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

Antisocial behavior (AB) is a complex phenomenon, predicted by a wide range of biological, environmental, and personality factors. These have high human and economic costs especially in adolescents, highlighting the importance of investigating factors that may be associated with these behaviors. Among the most potent predictors of AB are early life experiences and personality. To this end, the present study sought to investigate the association between early life parental abuse and behavioral activation system (BAS) personality traits assessed within the reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) framework and antisocial behaviors in Mexican adolescents. Our sample consisted of 342 adolescents (Mage = 17, SD = 2.47) from northwestern Mexico. Participants, after parental consent and participant consent/assent (if minors), self-reported early life parental abuse, current BAS personality traits, and antisocial behaviors. Through structural equation models, our results suggest there is a positive association between early life parental abuse and antisocial behaviors, as well as a negative association with BAS personality traits (R2 = 37%). These results contribute to the current literature by suggesting that personality and environmental variables can predict adolescent antisocial behaviors. Future studies should explore the interplay between these variables longitudinally and investigate both risk and protective factors, as well as negative and positive outcomes.

Introduction: Cultural values and parent-adolescent relationships may impact adolescents' romantic relationship quality. The goal of this study was to examine whether perceived mothers' and fathers' psychological control and gender moderated associations between cultural values (i.e., machismo, caballerismo, views of female virginity) and romantic relationship satisfaction in Mexican adolescents., Methods: Self-report survey data were collected from 213 adolescents (M = 14.59 years old; 50.5% girls) from two public schools in Mexico. All participants were in a romantic relationship at time of study, and reported on their age, gender, endorsement of cultural values (i.e., machismo, caballerismo, views of female virginity), perceived parental psychological control, and romantic satisfaction. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on a romantic relationship satisfaction scale. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to assess interactions between cultural values, mothers' and fathers' psychological control, and gender on romantic relationship satisfaction., Results: Findings revealed adolescents who endorsed caballerismo reported higher relationship satisfaction. These associations were strongest for adolescent girls reporting low maternal psychological control and adolescent boys reporting high maternal psychological control. Perceived fathers' psychological control did not moderate associations between cultural values and romantic satisfaction. No associations were found between machismo, female virginity, and romantic relationship satisfaction., Conclusion: Adolescents' caballersimo values were linked to higher relationship satisfaction. Findings suggest that parent education programs in Mexico may benefit from teaching parents to instill values of caballerismo in their romantically involved adolescents. Additionally, specialists working with Mexican adolescent girls may help them reframe perceived psychologically controlling behaviors into attempts to communicate affection., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)