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The avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus that mutates frequently, leading to a contagious and acute disease that results in economic losses to the global poultry industry. Due to its genetic and serological diversity, IBV poses a challenge in preventing and controlling the pathogen. The full-length S1 sequence analysis identifies seven main genotypes (GI–GVII) comprising 35 viral lineages. In addition to the previously described lineage, a new GI lineage (GI-30) and two lineages from novel genotypes (GVIII-1 and GIX-1) have been described in Mexico. To prevent the spread of IBV outbreaks in a specific geographic location and select the suitable vaccine, it is helpful to genetically identify the circulating IBV types. Moreover, sequencing genomes can provide essential insights into virus evolution and significantly enhance our understanding of IBV variability. However, only genomes of previously described lineages (GI-1, GI-9, GI-13, and GI-17) have been reported for Mexican strains. Here, we sequenced new genomes from Mexican lineages, including the indigenous GI-30, GVIII-1, and GIX-1 lineages. Comparative genomics reveals that Mexico has relatively homogenous lineages (i.e., GI-13), some with greater variability (i.e., GI-1 and GI-9), and others extremely divergent (GI-30, GVIII-1, and GIX-1). The circulating lineages and intra-lineage variability support the unique diversity and dynamic of Mexican IBV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To interrogate the circulating SARS-CoV-2 lineages and recombinant variants in persons living in migrant shelters and persons who inject drugs (PWID). Materials and methods. We combined data from two studies with marginalized populations (migrants in shelters and persons who inject drugs) in Tijuana, Mexico. SARS-CoV-2 variants were identified on nasal swabs specimens and compared to publicly available genomes sampled in Mexico and California. Results. All but 2 of the 10 lineages identified were predominantly detected in North and Central America. Discrepancies between migrants and PWID can be explained by the temporal emergence and short time span of most of these lineages in the region. Conclusion. The results illustrate the temporo-spatial structure for SARS-CoV-2 lineage dispersal and the potential co-circulation of multiple lineages in high-risk populations with close social contacts. These conditions create the potential for recombination to take place in the California-Baja California border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During pre-Hispanic times, indigenous groups who held political power developed various strategies to legitimize and maintain their privileges with the rest of the population. In the North of Yucatan, some of these practices date back to the Ahauob of the Classic period. However, there were also innovations and integration of elements from other areas such as Central Mexico. Current data suggest that during the Postclassic new government forms emerged, where political and territorial organization hierarchy fell more than ever in the field of human relations which not always left archaeological traces. We present results of a research focused on understanding the interaction of the indigenous nobility or almehe-nob. Through the integration of data and techniques from history, archeology and geography (GIS), we identified patterns that correlate with the narratives of legitimacy and source of power, and also the political and territorial structure of the polities or cuchcabalob of the Postclassic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]