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The purpose of this article is to analyze the internal and external barriers experienced by university students of the Technological Institute of Sonora (ITSON) for the development of entrepreneurship. The study is focused on a sample of 733 students from the areas of engineering, administrative sciences, and social sciences. The field work was carried out during the months of May to September 2018. The controlled statistical technique for data analysis was the structural equation model (SEM) with the support of SMARTPLS software version 3.2.8. The results have revealed that internal creativity barriers are the ones that most negatively impact the entrepreneurial passion of ITSON university students. This research contributes to the development of entrepreneurship literature from the area of psychology and business sciences through planned behavior theory, cognitive theory, and self-determination.

Objective: Tropical diabetic hand syndrome (TDHS) is rarely described and recognized in the literature as a complication in people with diabetes, and Mexico has high incidence rates of diabetes mellitus II (DMII). The minor or major amputation of the arm represents a physically and economically significant morbidity problem in patients. To optimize the diagnosis and treatment, in this work, we identify prognostic factors and their association with the severity of TDHS and the need for amputation in patients with diabetes mellitus and hand tissue infection. Methods: A total of 55 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of DMII with soft tissue infection in the hand referred to the plastic and reconstructive surgery department were studied for their evaluation and treatment. We analyze sociodemographic and clinical factors and follow-up of remission and recovery in limb functions. Results: In our study, we identified factors associated with amputation such as schooling under 6 years (OR: 21.98, confidence interval (CI): 1.21–3.98, p = 0.003), body mass index ≥ 20 (OR: 0.07, CI = 0.003–1.41, p = 0.031), and history of amputation (no upper limb) (OR: 5.9, CI = 1.11–32.1, p = 0.032). Furthermore, people with TDHS requiring amputation had slightly higher glycated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac) ≥ 10% (OR: 2.36, CI = 0.62–8.98, p = 0.338), and the risk of death was also increased (OR: 3.4, CI = 0.355–32.6, p = 0.288), although these outcomes did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Risk factors for amputation as a treatment of THDS are directly linked to lower schooling status, poor nutrition/low weight, as well as previous amputation procedures in patients. These data will help to establish a timelier evaluation and management in patients with suspected THDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed the association between educational aspirations and the intention to migrate among 1446 adolescents aged 11–17 years, living in semi‐urban/rural communities in Jalisco, Mexico. Analyses rely on survey data from the Family Migration and Early Life Outcomes study. The outcome variable was the intention to migrate, a three‐category variable coded as no intention to migrate, intention to migrate within Mexico, and intention to migrate internationally. The main independent variable was the adolescents' educational aspirations, conceptualized as the intention to achieve higher education. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine associations. We found an association between educational aspirations and intentions to migrate, and it was moderated by gender. Girls with the highest educational aspirations intended to migrate internationally, while higher educational aspirations were not a driver for boys' migration intentions. The study findings have implications for education and migration policies and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adult and immature stages (larvae and pupae) of ‘black fungus gnats’ (Diptera: Sciaridae) were collected from July to September 2019 in nurseries of production of potted lily (Lilium sp.) in Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca, Mexico. One hundred percent of the specimens collected in the field corresponded to the genus Bradysia Winertz, 1867 (Diptera: Sciaridae). The present study represents the first record of this genus in Lilium sp. plants in Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca, Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This work analyzes the implications of opportunistic practices derived from information asymmetries in the honey market, as well as the role of Information Systems as a strategy to improve the distribution of information among agents. Methodology: through the analysis of the literature in Business Economics, the importance of Information Systems to improve efficiency in the markets is identified. Results: The mechanisms to reduce opportunistic behaviors include the use of government regulations, and Information Systems. In the case of Mexican honey, there is government regulation NOM-004-SAG/GAN-2018, as well as some certifications and Denomination of Origin proposals. The development of differentiated market niches is proposed to boost the performance of the sector, where producers can compete based on reputation for quality and benefits, beyond price. Limitations: the findings are based on the literature review carried out; however, when facing a complex problem, having instruments developed in economic thinking enriches the discussion and encourages finding solutions from a multidisciplinary approach. Conclusions: opportunistic behaviors reduce market efficiency and the ability to compete, so Information Systems can contribute to minimizing information asymmetries and generating benefits for economic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jatropha curcas belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, native to Mexico and Central America, currently grows in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is a multipurpose plant, whose interest in recent years is related to its potential as a raw material for biodiesel production. The objective of this research was to evaluate the morphological and productive characteristics of accessions of non-toxic Jatropha curcas L., collected in different regions of Veracruz and that were propagated by seed in the central region of the state in 2019. The plant material consisted of 23 accessions with five repetitions, plants that were three years old. The variables recorded were plant height, stem diameter, branches (primary, secondary, tertiary), leaf length and width, flower buds, number of clusters and fruits; length, width, color and number of seeds per fruit, in seeds the weight, length, width, thickness and total weight of seeds per plant were recorded. The analysis of variance detected significant differences (p≤ 0.05) between accessions for most variables. The principal component analysis, the first two explained 57.66% and 60.8% of the variation. In seed-propagated accessions, the outstanding variables were flower buds, clusters, fruits and seed production (accessions I-34, I-32 and I-47). These accessions have the greatest potential and vigor to be included in a genetic improvement program. It is concluded that there is a wide morphological variation in the accessions studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the association between migration intentions and alcohol use among west-central Mexico adolescents living in high migration communities. This study used the baseline data from the Family Migration and Early Life Outcomes (FAMELO) project (N = 1286), collected in 2018. We used multiple imputations to address missingness and propensity score matching to reduce the selection bias. We also conducted subgroup analyses to compare gender difference (i.e., boys vs. girls) on the relationship between migration intention and alcohol use. The findings show that for the whole sample, youth with migration intentions had significant higher odds (OR = 1.78; p =.010) of having a lifetime drinking experience when compared to youth who reported no interest in living abroad, but this association remained significant only for boys (OR = 2.14; p =.010). This study makes an important contribution to our understanding of the etiology of migration intentions and alcohol use for adolescents living in sending migration communities. The findings have specific alcohol prevention, policy, and future research implications in Mexico and the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study's objective was to conduct a multinational registry of patients with carotid body tumors (CBTs) and to analyze patients' clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes. Methods: Retrospective study from the Carotid Paraganglioma Cooperative International Registry involving eleven medical centers in Bolivia, Ecuador, Mexico, and Spain, of all patients with a CBT who underwent resection between 2009 and 2019. Results: A total of 1432 patients with a CBT surgically treated were included. Median patient age was 54 years (range: 45–63 years), and 82.9% (1184) of the study cohort were female. While at low altitude, the proportion of female-to-male cases was 2:1, at high altitude, this proportion increased to 8:1, with statistically significant differences (p =.022). Median operative time was 139 min (range: 110–180 min), while median operative blood loss was 250 ml (range: 100–500 ml), with statistically significant difference in increased blood loss (p =.001) and operative time (p =.001) with a higher Shamblin classification. Eight (0.6%) patients suffered stroke. Univariate analysis analyzing for possible factors associated with increased odds of stroke revealed intraoperative vascular lesion to present an OR of 2.37 [CI 95%; 1.19–4.75] (p = 0.001). In 245 (17.1%), a cranial nerve injury was reported. Seven (0.5%) deaths were recorded. Conclusion: The most common CBT type on this cohort was hyperplasic, which might be partially explained by the high altitudes where these patients lived. Increased blood loss and operative time were associated with a higher Shamblin classification, and the risk of stroke was associated with patients presenting transoperative vascular lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state of Morelos is characterized by the diversity of ornamental species that are grown and marketed both in the national and international market. In Mexico, approximately 20 million plants finished in different container sizes are marketed annually, with a production value of 718 million. Genetic improvement programs for cultivated species run by government agencies are scarce. The largest proportion is carried out by foreign private companies. Poinsettia is subjected to the same model. Faced with this situation, the National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research launched the Poinsettia Genetic Improvement Program in the Experimental Field of Zacatepec, Morelos. The poinsettia variety called Victoria is a product of this program and was generated through hybridization, selection and grafting technique. Victoria is an intermediate plant with medium branching and width. The outstanding attributes of this variety are the oval shape of the leaf, the size of the leaf and the absence of lobes. The shape of the base of the leaf is rounded. The bracts are elliptical in shape, red in color and of intermediate size. The width of the cyme and the size of the gland are medium. It is considered an intermediate cycle variety. The response of Victoria is statistically comparable to commercial varieties and represents an option for the country’s producers in order to diversify the offer in the Christmas season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Small Business International Review is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Contabilidad y Administracion de Empresas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: This article presents a methodological strategy to design and validate quality indicators for drug dispensing in a pediatric hospital.Setting: The literature evaluation, design, and validation of indicators by experts were carried out from September 2017 to March 2018 in the pharmaceutical services of a pediatric hospital at the Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Mexico.Practice Description: The design and validation of quality indicators for dispensing allow the evaluation, planning, and follow-up of this activity.Practice Innovation: The development of the indicators follows a holistic vision considering the relationship between the structure on which the pediatric dispensation is based, the involved processes, and the outcomes and provide a simple tool to improve the quality of the dispensing service.Evaluation: A methodological investigation for the development of systems and health services in drug dispensing was performed. For the indicator's design, the Mexican standards for establishments dedicated to the sale and supply of drugs, the Good Dispensation Practices, and the Donabedian model were considered. The validation of such indicators was carried out using the Delphi method and the Torgerson mathematical model.Results: Indicators of structure, process, and results were designed; of the 16 indicators designed, 15 reached the average score of greater than 3.5, and the percentage of experts who qualified each indicator in the highest categories was greater than 50%.Conclusion: The design of indicators guarantees the quality of the dispensing service and can be extrapolated to the pharmaceutical services of any pediatric hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyze the association between health insurance coverage and the use of health care services, dentist visits, and self-medication in a national sample of Mexican adults aged ≥50 years with diabetes. Participants with diabetes taken from a subsample of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS-2018) (n = 3667) were examined, with data pertaining to the frequency of their doctor and dentist visits, residence, years of education, self-medication, and health insurance coverage (insured/uninsured) also collected. A logistic regression model was used to identify the association between independent variables and health insurance coverage, whereas Poisson regression models were also estimated to ascertain whether health insurance coverage was associated with the number of doctor and dentist visits. The prevalence of self-reported diabetes was 24.6%, whereas approximately 93.3% of subjects had visited a doctor, 40.6% had visited a dentist, and 20.3% self-medicated. Individuals with insurance coverage were 75% (Odds ratio [OR] = 1.75 [95% confidence interval {CI}1.32–2.31]; P < 0.001) more likely to have visited a doctor and 57% more likely to have visited a dentist (OR = 1.57 [95% CI 1.35–1.83]; P < 0.001) than uninsured adult subjects, while adults living in rural areas were 77% less likely to be insured than adults living in urban areas. Doctor and dentist visits [rate ratio {RR} = 1.32 (95% CI 1.28–1.35); P < 0.001] and [RR = 1.47 (95% CI 1.37–1.58); P < 0.001, respectively] were found to be positively associated with the insured members of the study population. A positive association was found between doctor and dentist visits in the population insured with diabetes. A major public health challenge is the population of diabetics who report being uninsured, wherein this population requires coverage to access the necessary clinical follow-up and control to prevent complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Economics & Finance / Revista Mexicana de Economia y Finanzas is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To estimate the waste of fruits, legumes and aromatic herbs in the Wholesale Market of Xalapa, Veracruz (CAX). Design/Methodology/Scope: CAX local owners and carriers were surveyed and they estimated the information submitted herein. Results: A daily waste of 1.7 t (0.7 %) of fruits and legumes marketed in CAX was calculated. Sellers do not know the factors that cause this waste. Study Limitations/Implications: There are few reports on the waste of fruits, legumes, and aromatic herbs in central markets in Mexico. There is little conscience about this issue in the country. Findings/Conclusions: The amount of waste produced daily in CAX indicates the need to review the applicable public policies to improve their coordination and market problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the last years an increased interest in the use of salivary parameters in connection with caries experience and caries prediction has been shown. In schoolchildren investigations are known, where the relationship between caries prevalence and salivary parameters has been assessed, but in the adolescent population studies are scarce. The aim of the study was evaluate of the association among salivary parameters, oral health status and caries experience in adolescents in Mexico. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 256 (DMFT≥5) and 165 (DMFT< 5) 12-to- 14-year-old adolescents. From all the adolescents, unstimulated mid-morning saliva samples were collected, after which the salivary flow rate was calculated, and the salivary pH and buffer capacity was measured. The caries was evaluated via the application of the DMFT score. Clinical variables such as oral hygiene and dental calculus were examined in the adolescent's oral cavity. The adolescents provided data on their personal characteristics by completing a questionnaire, while socioeconomic data were collected from their parents. Descriptive, bivariate and logistic regression model analyses were performed. Results: The prevalence of caries was 61.1% (DMFT≥5) in permanent dentition, with 72.7% of subjects presenting poor oral hygiene. The mean levels of salivary flow rate, pH, and buffer capacity was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in adolescents with caries score of DMFT≥5 than in those with caries score of DMFT < 5. Salivary flow and buffer capacity were higher in boys than in girls. The logistic regression model applied showed that adolescents with a salivary flow rate < 1 ml per min were more likely to present caries [OR = 1.58 (CI95% 1.04–2.40); p = 0.033] than adolescents with a flow rate ≥ 1 ml per-min, and that, for each unit of increased pH, the probability of presenting caries reduced by 76% [OR = 0.24 (CI95% 0.10–0.55); p = 0.001]. Conclusion: Significant association was found in salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity in adolescents with caries (DMFT≥5). In addition to differences of these parameters by sex, the results suggest saliva parameters may act as indicators of caries in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agro Productividad is the property of Colegio de Postgraduados and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between caries experience and obesity in Mexican schoolchildren aged 8–12 years. This is a cross-sectional study. This study was conducted on 522 schoolchildren selected from public schools. The prevalence of caries was evaluated by applying the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index and ascertaining the subjects' dental caries experience from the mean DMFT value. Socio-economic data were collected from the parents, with data on the children's characteristics collected from them via a questionnaire. Their weight and height were then measured and used to calculate their body mass index (BMI)-for-age Z-score, which was then adjusted by age and sex. The prevalence of caries was 79.9% (DMFT≥1) in permanent dentition. Of all children, 47.5% of them brushed their teeth two or more times per day, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 20.1% and 17.6%, respectively. The logistic regression model showed that children with obesity (a >2 Z-score on the BMI-for-age growth chart) were less likely to have dental caries (odds ratio [OR] = 0.53 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.31–0.89]; P = 0.017) than children without obesity, with schoolchildren who consume more sweets per day (OR = 1.65 [95% CI: 1.03–2.62]; P = 0.035) more likely to present caries than schoolchildren who consume fewer sweets per day. Children with obesity are less likely to present dental caries. Comprehensive strategies aimed at risk factors can be useful in controlling nutritional status and improving oral health. • Children with obesity are less likely to present dental caries. • Children who consumed more sweets per day were more likely to present caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Jatropha curcas (jatropha) is an oil crop cultivated in (sub)tropical regions around the world, and holds great promise as a renewable energy source. However, efforts to fully commercialize jatropha are currently hampered by the lack of genetic diversity in the extant breeding germplasm, and by the toxicity of its seeds meaning that its seed cake cannot be used as a protein source in animal feed, among other constraints. In Mexico, the species' native range, there are jatropha plants whose seeds are used to prepare traditional meals. This non-toxic jatropha 'type' is considered to harbour low genetic variation due to a presumed domestication bottleneck and therefore to be of limited breeding value; yet, very little is known regarding its origin and genetic diversity. Methods Using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), we extensively genotyped both indigenous toxic and non-toxic jatropha collected along roads and home gardens throughout southern Mexico. Key Results Single nucleotide polymorphism diversity in non-toxic jatropha is relatively high, particularly in northern Veracruz state, the probable origin of this germplasm. Genetic differences between toxic and non-toxic indigenous genotypes are overall quite small. A a genome-wide association study supported a genomic region (on LG 8, scaffold NW_012130064), probably involved in the suppression of seed toxicity. Conclusions Conservation actions are urgently needed to preserve this non-toxic indigenous, relatively wild germplasm, having potential as a fuel feedstock, animal feed and food source among other uses. More generally, this work demonstrates the value of conservation genomic research on the indigenous gene pool of economically important plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research shows the numerical thermal evaluation of walls commonly used in Mexico under Merida, Yucatan weather conditions. At first, the thermal behavior of the hollow block wall (HB) was compared with the red brick wall (RB) for the warmest and coldest days of the year. Afterward, the annual thermal evaluation of an HB with and without a PCM layer (HBP) was carried out. The PCM layer was a 10 mm thick layer of RT25HC, located between the HB and the plaster facing the indoor. The results showed that the HB reduces the heat flow by 14.6% during the warmest day and increases it by 1.9% during the coldest day, compared to the RB wall. Besides, the HBP reduced the heat flux up to 48.7% regarding HB and showed a time lag in the maximum temperature of up to 3.86 h during the warmest day. Also, the PCM layer reduced the monthly C O 2 emissions of the HB up to 56.4%. Therefore, incorporating a PCM layer on HB is highly recommended for buildings in Merida and similar climatic regions to reduce their energy demand and carbon footprint. • A hollow block wall reduces the heat flow up to 14.6% regards to the red brick wall. • The PCM layer added to the hollow block reduces its heat flow by up to 65.6%. • A hollow block with PCM showed a time lag of up to 6.68 h regards to one without PCM. • The PCM layer reduced the monthly CO 2 emissions of the HB by up to 56.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) above US EPA standards is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, while Mn toxicity induces parkinsonism. Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) children have pre- and postnatal sustained and high exposures to PM2.5, O3, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals. Young MCMA residents exhibit frontal tau hyperphosphorylation and amyloid-β (Aβ)1 - 42 diffuse plaques, and aggregated and hyperphosphorylated α-synuclein in olfactory nerves and key brainstem nuclei. We measured total prion protein (TPrP), total tau (T-tau), tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (P-Tau), Aβ1-42, α-synuclein (t-α-syn and d-α-synuclein), BDNF, insulin, leptin, and/or inflammatory mediators, in 129 normal CSF samples from MCMA and clean air controls. Aβ1-42 and BDNF concentrations were significantly lower in MCMA children versus controls (p = 0.005 and 0.02, respectively). TPrP increased with cumulative PM2.5 up to 5 μg/m3 and then decreased, regardless of cumulative value or age (R2 = 0.56). TPrP strongly correlated with T-Tau and P-Tau, while d-α-synuclein showed a significant correlation with TNFα, IL10, and IL6 in MCMA children. Total synuclein showed an increment in childhood years related to cumulated PM2.5, followed by a decrease after age 12 years (R2 = 0.47), while d-α-synuclein exhibited a tendency to increase with cumulated PM2.5 (R2 = 0.30). CSF Aβ1-42, BDNF, α-synuclein, and TPrP changes are evolving in young MCMA urbanites historically showing underperformance in cognitive processes, odor identification deficits, downregulation of frontal cellular PrP, and neuropathological AD and PD hallmarks. Neuroprotection of young MCMA residents ought to be a public health priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor water quality and under nutrition are important factors affecting the health of many communities in developing countries. The aims of this study were: i) to describe the fluoride water concentration and the hydrogeological conditions in a region of a state located in the central in Mexico ii) to measure the association between undernutrition and dental fluorosis in children living in communities with different drinking water fluoride concentrations in a state located in the central region of Mexico. Methods Field work was performed in the region to identify the prevailing groundwater flow characteristics and water wells were sampled to analyze water fluoride concentration. Children were selected from three communities that had different drinking water fluoride concentrations (i.e., 0.56, 0.70 and 1.60 mg/l). Fluoridated salt was available in these communities. The Thylstrup–Fejerskov Index (TFI) was used to assess dental fluorosis. Categories four or higher of this index involve changes in the entire tooth surface (ITF ≥ 4). The weight and height of the children were measured. The assessment of undernutrition was based on the World Health Organization criteria: children were classified as being at risk of low-height (Height-for-Age Z score < − 1.0 SD) and having low-height (Height-for-Age Z score < − 2.0 SD) for age and sex, the same cutoff points of the Z score were used to classify “risk of low-weight” and” low-weight children”. Results In the region the mineralization of the water captured by the wells is the result of a reaction with volcanic materials. The water fluoride concentration in the region ranged from 0.2 to 1.6 mg/l. A total of 734 schoolchildren participated in the study. The percentage of children in fluorosis categories (ITF ≥ 4) was 15.9%, 21.1% of the children were at risk of low height-for-age, and 8.0% had low height-for-age. The percentage of children with fluorosis (ITF ≥ 4) was 6.3%, 9.1% and 31.9% (p ˂ 0.001) and low high-for-age was 2.9%, 2.5% and 8.4% (p ˂ 0.001), for the communities with F concentrations of 0.56 mg/l, 0.70 mg/l and 1.6 mg/l, respectively. The logistic regression model showed an association between dental fluorosis (TFI ≥ 4) and low height-for-age (OR 2.09, p = 0.022) after adjusting for sex, number of teeth erupted, source of drinking water, use of fluoridated toothpaste and tap water fluoride concentration in the community. Conclusion Children with low height-for-age were more likely to have dental fluorosis in the TFI categories that affect the entire tooth surface. The results suggest that subpopulations with chronic undernutrition are more susceptible to dental fluorosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today protectionist actions have been highly adopted by the nations, that in order to cope with the constant crises that threaten to slow economic growth. The cancellation of trade agreements has led to a strategic management restructuring, which now seeks to minimize the negative effects. Mexico is not the exception, because last year suffered the imposition of a series of protectionist guidelines by Brazil and Argentina, which were intended to reduce the number of exports that are made to these South American economies. This study intends to analyze the impact and strategic changes adopted by Mexico in the automotive industry as a result of these regulations. Using a method of analysis of quantitative and qualitative data is to estimate the damages to the sector as well as the measures taken by Mexico to decrease side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the intersection between globalisation and allocation of open public space by testing the spatial equity hypothesis in Hermosillo, Mexico, a regional city impacted directly by global processes. Availability and accessibility of public parks were examined using a geographic information system and neighbourhoods were stratified into quintiles based on socioeconomic status. Overall, the analysis shows that the amount of public park space in Hermosillo is substandard and its distribution reveals a pattern of spatial inequity affecting primarily residents of poor neighbourhoods. We argue that as the economy of the city grows increasingly integrated into global circuits, the global-to-local connection materialises in an unequal competition between globalised spaces and local public space. This, in turn, leads to further relegation of neighbourhoods that are already on the margins of urban equity regarding access to public parks. This study extends prior research conducted in developed countries to a city in a developing nation and fills a vacuum of information that potentially can contribute to a more equitable development in Hermosillo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Colombiana de Psicologia is the property of Universidad Catolica de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction and hypothesis: This study was designed to estimate the prevalence of urinary incontinence and its associated risk factors among women in northern Mexico. The type and severity of incontinence were also assessed. Methods: This cross-sectional population-based study assessed self-reported urinary incontinence in a random sample of 1,307 women aged 25-54 years. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association of urinary incontinence with sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics and other medical conditions. Results: Overall, 18.4% of participants reported having involuntary loss of urine at some time within the last 12 months (95% CI, 16.4-20.7%). Among women reporting urinary incontinence, stress incontinence was the most common form (56.8%), followed by mixed (31.1%) and urge incontinence (10.0%). Approximately half of the women with urinary incontinence symptoms reported a severity index of moderate (25.8%) to severe (26.2%), with 30% stating that their leakage was extremely bothersome. Forty percent of incontinent women reported use of some sort of protection, although only 28% had ever talked to a physician about their symptoms. In adjusted analyses, high body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m, chronic urinary tract infections, and a history of a hysterectomy or uterine leiomyomata were associated with increased odds of reporting incontinence symptoms. Increased odds of reporting severe urinary incontinence was associated with chronic urinary tract infections, current smoking and high BMI. Conclusion: Our results suggest that there might be a need to develop a culturally sensitive screening questionnaire in order to identify and counsel women with mild incontinence symptoms in the primary care setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manilkara zapota is a fruit belonging to the Sapotaceae, native to Mexico and Central America and is cultivated in tropical countries. The morphological variability of the species has been documented, but its genetic diversity has not been studied with co-dominant molecular markers. The objectives of this study were: 1) to test whether microsatellite loci designed for Manilkara huberi could be used to study genetic variation in M. zapota, 2) to learn about the variation of this species in wild and isolated specimens from commercial plantations, in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, and 3) to identify the most contrasting individuals that could be used in a long-term management program. We assessed the genetic variation of 20 adult trees from different physiographic regions of the state of Veracruz. The 12 microsatellite loci developed for M. huberi were tested in M. zapota. Two were monomorphic and three did not amplify. The seven remaining loci were used for genetic analysis. The number of alleles was high (mean 11.85); however, the heterozygosity was low (mean 0.154). Cluster analysis formed a group with specimens from the north and the other, with multiple subgroups, from the south and center of the state. The analysis also showed that the biggest change occurred in conservation areas of the state. The microsatellites employed were useful to learn about the genetic variation of M. zapota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hospital-based unmatched case-control study was performed in order to determine the relation of DNA single (ssb) and double (dsb) strand breaks in women with and without cervical neoplasia. Cervical epithelial cells of 30 women: 10 with low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LG-SIL), 10 with high-grade SIL (HG-SIL), and 10 without cervical lesions were evaluated using alkaline and neutral comet assays. A significant increase in global DNA damage (ssb + dsb) and dsb was observed in patients with HG-SIL (48.90 ± 12.87 and 23.50 ± 13.91), patients with LG-SIL (33.60 ± 14.96 and 11.20 ± 5.71), and controls (21.70 ± 11.87 and 5.30 ± 5.38; resp.). Pearson correlation coefficient reveled a strong relation between the levels ssb and dsb (r2 = 0.99, P = 0.03, and r2 = 0.94, P = 0.16, resp.) and progression of neoplasia. The increase of dsb damage in patients with HG-SIL was confirmed by DNA breakage detection-FISH (DBD-FISH) on neutral comets. Our results argue in favor of a real genomic instability in women with cervical neoplasia, which was strengthened by our finding of a higher proportion of DNA dsb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial association between the specially protected cacti Coryphanta durangensis, Echinocereus longisetus and Peniocereus greggii and potential nurse plants was evaluated, as was their relative position to the sun under the crown of the latter in the southern Chihuahuan Desert. The soil temperature under potential nurse plants was lower than under direct sunlight. There was more nitrogen and organic matter in the soil under Prosopis laevigata trees than in soil under direct sunlight. There were 68 plants of C. durangensis, 59 plants of E. longisetus and 157 of P. greggii. Only one individual of C. durangensis and one of E. longisetus grew outside the shade of the crown of other plants. Echinocereus longisetus was not associated with any particular species, but grew more often than expected by chance in the northern segment of the crown (i.e. the area most shaded in the afternoon). Coryphanta durangensis and P. greggii grew more often under P. laevigata than expected by chance. The effect of other plants, and P. laevigata in particular, on the facilitation of growth of protected cacti species should be considered in management plans of the Chihuahuan Desert, where mesquite ( P. laevigata) is often harvested for charcoal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the culture of four family businesses, and analyses their influence on their strategic management, using the method proposed by Cameron and Quinn (1999). Four hotel businesses were selected in the state of Quintana Roo. The result showed that the family businesses with an ad hoc, clan and hierarchical type of culture perceive similar values, resorts to analytical strategies, and compete in the market differentiating their products and services. On the other hand, market-culture type businesses perceive hard work as the prime value; they resort to defensive strategies, and compete by specializing in a market segment. The culture of the four family businesses is an intangible resource which has a strong influence on strategic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective. To determine the prevalence of dyspareunia among women aged 25-54 and its associated risk factors. Material and methods. A cross-sectional population-based study was carried out in the city of Hermosillo, Sonora and data from 1183 sexually active women were analyzed. A multiple logistic regression was computed to analyze the association between dyspareunia and sociodemographic characteristics, medical conditions and sexual violence. Results. The 12-month prevalence of dyspareunia was estimated to be 12.3% (95% CI 10.5, 14.4). After adjustment for working conditions, dyspareunia was associated with younger ages (25-34 years), history of sexually transmitted diseases/pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic urinary tract infections, colitis and history of sexual violence. Conclusion. Increased attention to this condition by reproductive health programs and primary care services is urgently needed in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective is to identify the obstacles that SMES face up for the approval of a banking credit. An empirical study was made for 128 manufacturing business of Puebla, Mexico. The results aim to the interest rate as the main restriction, followed by the excess of procedures or banking bureaucracy and the guaranties. The mature and medium firms are more prone to the credit approval; it is important to have a reliable guarantee as well as with sanctioned financial statements to obtain the financing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (commonly called Rosselle or "Jamaica flower" in Mexico) have been shown to have antibiotic and antivirulence properties in several bacteria. Here, an organic extract of H. sabdariffa L. is shown to inhibit motility in Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Typhimurium. The compound responsible for this effect was purified and found to be the hibiscus acid. When tested, this compound also inhibited motility and reduced the secretion of both flagellin and type III secretion effectors. Purified hibiscus acid was not toxic in tissue-cultured eukaryotic cells, and it was able to reduce the invasion of Salmonella Typhimurium in epithelial cells. Initial steps to understand its mode of action showed it might affect membrane proton balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prostate cancer screening has reduced its mortality in 21%. However, this has also led to an increased number of biopsies in order to establish the diagnosis, many of them unnecessary. Current screening guidelines prioritize use of prostatic magnetic resonance and new biomarkers to reduce unnecessary biopsies, however, their implementation in developing countries screening programs is mainly limited by its costs.Objective: We aimed to evaluate Prostate Biopsy Risk Collaborative Group (PBCG) and Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial Risk Calculator (PCPTRC) 2.0 predictions accuracy in Mexican patients in order to guide prostate biopsy decision making and reduce unnecessary biopsies.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients between 55 and 90 years old who underwent prostate biopsy in a high-volume center in Mexico between January 2017 and June 2020. Clinical utility of PBCG and PCPTRC 2.0 to predict high-grade prostate cancer (HGPCa) biopsy outcomes was evaluated using decision curve analysis and compared to actual biopsy decision making. Receiver operating characteristics area under the curve (AUC) was used to measure discrimination and external validation.Results: From 687 patients eligible for prostate biopsy, 433 met selections criteria. One hundred and thirty-five (31.17%) patients were diagnosed with HGPCa, 63 (14.54%) with low-grade disease and 235 (54.27%) had a negative biopsy. PCPTRC 2.0 ≥15% threshold got a standardized net benefit (sNB) of 0.70, while PBCG ≥30% and ≥35% had a sNB of 0.27 and 0.15, respectively. Use of both models for guiding prostate biopsy decision resulted in no statistical difference for HGCPa detection rates, while achieved a significant difference in reducing total and unnecessary biopsies. However, this difference was lower (better) for PCPTRC 2.0, being statistically significative when compared against PBCG thresholds. Both models were well calibrated (AUC 0.79) and achieved external validation compared with international cohorts.Conclusions: Our study is the first to effectively validate both PCPTRC 2.0 and PBCG predictions for the Mexican population, proving that their use in daily practice improves biopsy decision making by accurately predicting HGPCa and limit unnecessary biopsies without representing additional costs to screening programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Structural properties of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) as well as their antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus epidermidis , Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; as well as bacteria that are usually found in the mouth of humans and are related to dental conditions, such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Prevotella intermedia , Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis, are presented in this report. ZnO-NPs were grown by green synthesis, using the Mexican plant Dysphania ambrosioides known in Mexico as "epazote", which was used by native populations of Mexico as a dewormer, is currently used widely in traditional Mexican cuisine and is rich in organic compounds as flavonoids and terpenes which may favor the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs). ZnO-NPs were synthesized by the mentioned technology and were compared with commercial ZnO-NPs as a reference. Synthesized and commercial ZnO-NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetry (TG). Antibacterial properties were evaluated using a disc diffusion test (Kirby-Bauer method). The results indicate that ZnO-NPs were synthesized in the size range of 5–30 nm. The presence of the ZnO crystalline phase was identified by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and XRD analysis. The commercial ZnO-NPs were in the size range of 15–35 nm. The antibacterial test indicates that most of the bacterial strains used in this study were sensitive to synthesized and commercial NPs, with Prevotella intermedia being the most sensitive to ZnO-NPs. • ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were green synthesized using Dysphania ambrosioides extract. • 5 to 30 nm were their size, quasispherical shape and hexagonal crystalline structure. • Its antibacterial properties were similar to commercial ZnO-NPs used as reference. • P. intermedia was the most sensitive to ZnO-NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterize the morphoagronomic variability of 12 non-toxic Jatropha curcas L. accessions, in the experimental field of the College of Postgraduate Studies-Veracruz Campus, in the central region of Veracruz state, Mexico. Materials and Methods: Six accessions propagated by seeds and six by stakes, established eight years earlier, were taken. The indicators height, number of branches, stem diameter, quantity and length of racemes, quantity and length of inflorescences, quantity of fruits and seeds and their sizes, were measured. The data were processed through principal component analysis, cluster and correlation analysis. Of the variability, 91,65 % was explained through five components. Results: The quantity, length and width of the fruits, quantity of seeds and their sizes; as well as height, number of branches and racemes and diameter, were the most variable indicators with which 54,17 % of the variability was explained in the first two components. Three groups were formed. Group II was the one with the best performance in 10 of the 15 evaluated indicators. The accessions I-32 and I-65 showed the best performance. The existence of strong and positive correlations between quantity of fruit and seed quantity and length; and moderate between minimum temperature and height, was observed. Conclusions: High variability was observed with regards to the studied traits; while the degree of affectation by diseases was from moderate to low. The accessions I-32 and I-65 showed the best performance in 10 of the evaluated indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary We undertook an association analysis between the ile50val, glu375ala, cys406arg, and ser761pro polymorphisms of the IL-4Rα gene and atopic asthma, total IgE levels and IL-4 serum levels in a population from western Mexico. We found that the ser761pro polymorphism was monomorphic for ser761, while there was no association between any of the other polymorphisms and the three phenotypes analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil properties are the product of current land use as well as legacies of historic use. Disentangling these effects is particularly challenging in tropical landscapes where plot-level land use history consists of varied sequences of uses punctuated by periods of abandonment. Here, we studied the soils of 63 plots in three sites of the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Mexico, and used detailed landowner accounts of land use history to model the effects of land use and its legacies. Electrical conductivity, N-NO 3 − and ant species richness were higher in current land uses featuring developed canopies (forests, secondary growth and palm and coffee plantations) compared to intensive land uses (livestock pastures and maize-slash and burn). Land uses aimed at soil restoration (maize-mucuna and tree plantations on degraded soils) improved soil bulk density only with respect to intensive land uses. The most frequent effects of historical land use variables (time since forest felling and cumulative times under each land use type) on soil properties occurred in interaction with each other and independently of the current land use. Beta glucosidase activity, pH and nematode richness were explained exclusively by historical use. In general, the duration of use dictated soil deterioration; however, the accumulation of time under intensive land uses had stronger legacies, in terms of soil physical and chemical properties, compared to that under agroforestry (coffee and palm cultivation). The richness of four taxa was sensitive to the land use history variables. Surprisingly, Nematoda and plant symbionts (nitrogen fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) richness, but not that of Coleoptera, increased with accumulated time (20–40 yr) under maize cultivation. We suggest that the long history of traditional maize cultivation in polycultures has permitted the development of a rich soil biota. The current physical, chemical and biological properties of soils result from the combined effects of current land use and the legacies of land use history. In this study we found that current land uses explain several soil characteristics in Los Tuxtlas, independently of land use history (top-middle panel). The legacies of past land use (positive and negative for soil conservation) are sometimes only apparent in particular land uses (interactions in bottom-middle panel), but most often occur independently of current land use (right panel). Land use history was statistically modeled as the combined effect of time since forest felling and the cumulative times that plots spent under different land use types. Col = Coleoptera family richness, For = Formicidae sp. richness, AMF = arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi sp. richness, NFB = nitrogen fixing bacteria sp. richness, Nem = Nematoda genera richness, EC = electrical conductivity and Bg = beta glucosidase activity. Unlabelled Image • Soil properties were studied in 63 plots of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. • Accounts of land use history where used to model land use legacies. • Cumulative time under intensive land uses had the strongest legacies. • Land uses for soil restoration improved soil density relative to intensive uses. • Plots with more cumulative time used as maize polyculture improved biota richness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the association between educational level and the presence of periodontal disease in adults ages ≥ 50 years in Mexico., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 2098 Mexican adults, using data from the annual reports of the Epidemiological Monitoring System for Oral Pathologies from 2019-2022. Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics such as gender, age, educational level, oral hygiene, and diabetes. Periodontal status was evaluated using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and was classified into: CPI &#61; 0 (healthy); CPI &#61; 1 (bleeding on probing); CPI &#61; 2 (calculus); and CPI &#61; 3 or 4 (pocket depth ≥ 4 mm). A multinomial regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI), using periodontal status as the result., Results: 39.9% of subjects presented periodontal pockets of ≥ 4 mm, 20.8% presented calculus, and 12.8% presented bleeding, while only 26.4% were classified as healthy. A low level of education (≤ 9 years) (OR &#61; 4.84; p 0.001), age ≥ 65 years (OR &#61; 1.33; p &#61; 0.025), poor oral hygiene (OR &#61; 6.86; p 0.001), smoking (OR &#61; 1.51; p &#61; 0.025), and diabetes (OR &#61; 1.73; p 0.001) were statistically significantly associated with the presence of periodontal pockets ≥ 4 mm., Conclusions: A low level of education is associated with worse periodontal status in adults aged 50 years or more. These findings reiterate the importance of implementing effective strategies and the incorporation of interventions for improving the access to and quality of services targeted at aging communities.

Aim: To evaluate the association between the frequency and severity of dental fluorosis and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in 8-12-year-old schoolchildren living in an area with a high concentration of fluoride in the drinking water., Methods: The present cross‑sectional study was conducted on Mexican children (n = 573) selected from one community presenting a drinking water fluoride concentration of 1.39 ppm/F. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was ascertained using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index (TFI). The presence and severity of MIH was evaluated using the European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (EAPD) criteria. A multinomial regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI), using the severity of MIH as the result., Results: The prevalence of MIH was 37.7% and, by severity, was 16.1% mild, 14.3% moderate, and 7.3% severe. The prevalence of dental fluorosis in permanent dentition was 70.9% (TFI ≥1) and, by severity, was 29.2% (TFI = 0), 45.6% (TFI 1-3) and 25.3% (TFI ≥4), while 54.5% of subjects were found to have poor oral hygiene. Schoolchildren with fluorosis (TFI ≥4) were 49% less likely [OR = 0.51; p = 0.025] to present mild MIH than children with fluorosis (TFI <4). Similarly, children with fluorosis (TFI ≥4) were 53% [OR = 0.47; p = 0.019] and 62% [OR = 0.38; p = 0.036] less likely to present moderate and severe MIH than children with fluorosis (TFI <4)., Conclusion: An inverse relationship between the presence of fluorosis and MIH was found. The results obtained by the present study may contribute to both the early identification of disorders affecting the enamel and the creation and implementation of long-term oral health prevention, promotion, and intervention programs in the affected population., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Medina Varela et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

This study aimed to estimate the cumulative incidence and the progression of erosive tooth wear (ETW) according to tooth type over a follow-up period of 18 months in adolescents living in Mexico City. We examined 10,776 teeth from 424 participants and used the Basic Erosive Wear Examination index (BEWE) to assess ETW. Our results showed that the overall cumulative incidence rate of ETW was 5.9% (587 from 9933 teeth), and the progression of ETW was 10% (85 from 843 teeth). Notably, the cumulative incidence of initial texture loss (BEWE = 1) was 29.1% for maxillary central incisors, and 30.4% of mandibular first molars progressed to loss of hard tissues (BEWE ≥2)., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (©2023 The Author(s). Published by MRE Press.)

Purpose: To explore the relationship between of self-reported health (SRH) and educational attainment with pastyear dental visits in older adults in México., Materials and Methods: For this cross-sectional study, data were derived from the Mexican Health and Aging Study 2018 (MHAS-2018), which used a nationally-representative sample of older adults (50 years or older) in Mexico (n = 14,085). Variables taken from the MHAS questionnaire included residence (rural/urban), years of education, SRH, multimorbidity, pain severity, and past-year dental visits. A logistic regression model was used to identify the association between the variables and past-year dental visits., Results: While the percentage of past-year dental visits reported was 39.8%, this number declined with age [OR=0.76, p < 0.001], with older adults living in rural areas 34% less likely to report past-year dental visits than older adults living in urban areas. Older adults with no formal education were 73% less likely (OR=0.27; p < 0.001) to report past-year dental visits than older adults ≥10 years education. Older adults with poor SRH were 32% less likely (OR=0.68; p < 0.001) to report past-year dental visits than older adults with good/very good/excellent SRH. Sex, degree of multimorbidity, and pain level ([OR=1.37; p < 0.001] [OR=1.37; p < 0.001] and [OR=1.17; p < 0.001]) were all found to be positively associated with past-year dental visits in the study population., Conclusion: The present study highlights the association between poor SRH, a low level of educational attainment, and less frequent past-year dental visits, as well as the finding that past-year dental visits declined with age in the older adults sampled.

Given the high prevalence of imported diseases in immigrant populations, it has postulated the need to establish screening programs that allow their early diagnosis and treatment. We present a mathematical model based on machine learning methodologies to contribute to the design of screening programs in this population. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional screening program of imported diseases in all immigrant patients who attended the Tropical Medicine Unit between January 2009 and December 2016. We designed a mathematical model based on machine learning methodologies to establish the set of most discriminatory prognostic variables to predict the onset of the: HIV infection, malaria, chronic hepatitis B and C, schistosomiasis, and Chagas in immigrant population. We analyzed 759 patients. HIV was predicted with an accuracy of 84.9% and the number of screenings to detect the first HIV-infected person was 26, as in the case of Chagas disease (with a predictive accuracy of 92.9%). For the other diseases the averages were 12 screenings to detect the first case of chronic hepatitis B (85.4%), or schistosomiasis (86.9%), 23 for hepatitis C (85.6%) or malaria (93.3%), and eight for syphilis (79.4%) and strongyloidiasis (88.4%). The use of machine learning methodologies allowed the prediction of the expected disease burden and made it possible to pinpoint with greater precision those immigrants who are likely to benefit from screening programs, thus contributing effectively to their development and design.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between sociodemographic factors and noncavitated and cavitated caries lesions in Mexican schoolchildren.This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 on 8-to-12-year-old schoolchildren of different socioeconomic status (SES). The caries was evaluated using ICDAS II, SES was evaluated using three categories---a high, middle, or low-income level---of the CONAPO. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed in order to ascertain the associations between socioeconomic factors and noncavitated and cavitated caries lesions.The prevalence of noncavitated lesions was 38.0% and cavitated lesions was 43.4% in permanent dentition. In all the samples, 50.6% of schoolchildren had poor oral hygiene. About 52.5% of the mothers and 64.7% of the fathers had less than 9 years of education. Schoolchildren with a low-income level have more cavitated lesions (ICDAS II 4-6) than schoolchildren with high-income level (56.3% vs 15.8%, P = .009). The multinomial logistic regression models showed that mother's level of education <9 years and low-income level were significantly associated with cavitated caries lesions (ICDAS II 4-6), [odds ratio = 1.79 (1.17 - 2.75); P = .007], [OR = 2.21 (1.23 - 3.97); P = .008], respectively. The socioeconomic level was not associated with noncavitated caries lesions (ICDAS II 1-3).An association was found between the presence of cavitated caries lesions and the subject's mother's level of education and a low-income level. Socioeconomic factors were found to be associated with inequalities in caries distribution in the age group studied., (Copyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

This cross-sectional study aimed to establish a relationship between the Normative Need for Orthodontic Treatment (NNOT) and oral health among Mexican adolescents aged 13-15 years old. A convenience sample of 424 subjects in Mexico City participated in the study. The dependent variable used was NNOT, which was determined via the dental health component (grades 4 and 5) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). The variables for oral health were as follows: caries experience, oral hygiene, self-reported temporomandibular joint pain, and self-reported bruxism. Logistic regression models were fitted to determine the association between NNOT and oral health. The prevalence of NNOT was 66.0% (280/424), and the crowding was the most prevalent occlusal anomaly with 36.1% ( n = 135). Multivariate models showed that subjects with NNOT were more than twice as likely to present poor hygiene (OR = 2.56; p = 0.001) as subjects presenting crowding (>4 mm) (OR = 1.99; p = 0.004) and increased overjet (>6 mm) (OR = 1.74; p = 0.046). Those schoolchildren who presented anterior guidance were 72% less likely to present NNOT (OR = 0.28; p < 0.001). In conclusion, the risk of presenting NNOT in Mexican adolescents is high, with a prevalence of over 50% of which the most prevalent occlusal anomaly was crowding. On the other hand, poor oral hygiene was associated with crowding and increased overjet.

Objective: Examine the association between marginalization and fluorosis with caries experience in Mexican rural children aged 8-12, in Oaxaca, Mexico., Methods: Cross-sectional study of 283 rural schoolchildren selected from two locations with high and medium levels of marginalization where the water fluoride concentration ranged from 2.0 to 2.5 ppm/F. Caries was evaluated using the DMFT index and dental fluorosis with the Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index (TFI). Socioeconomic data were collected from participants' parents, with data on the children's characteristics collected from them via a questionnaire., Results: The prevalence of caries was 72.4% (DMFT ≥1) in the permanent dentition. The prevalence of fluorosis was 98.0% (TFI ≥4=71.4%). 54.8% of the children brushed their teeth two or more times daily. In logistic regression children living in high levels of marginalization were more likely to present caries (OR=2.11, 95% CI 1.13 - 3.93) than children living in medium levels. Children with severe fluorosis (TFI ≥4) (OR=1.93, 95% CI 1.06 - 3.53) were more likely have caries than those with TFI ⟨3., Conclusion: Rural children with a high level of marginalization and fluorosis (TFI ≥4) were more likely to present caries. Poor oral hygiene and low dental service levels were found in both marginalized areas. Populations with medium/high marginalization are more susceptible to caries., (Copyright© 2020 Dennis Barber Ltd.)

Unlabelled: The relationship between dental caries and mutans streptococci (ms) in children and their mothers is a key factor in the prevention of early childhood caries. Changes in early childhood caries over time in Mexican children have not been well documented., Objective: To compare the dental caries indices and presence of ms in 3- to 5-year-old children and their mothers in two surveys, the first one carried out in 1996 and the second one in 2007., Study Design: Cross-sectional study., Results: The first survey included 102 mother-child dyads and the second 103. Dental caries index dmfs was 7.17 (+/- 10.9) and 4.58 (+/- 7.1) in the first and second survey, respectively (p < 0.05). Ms levels were higher in 1996 than in 2007 (p < 0.001). The prevalence of Severe Early Childhood Caries (SECC) was 42.2% and 34.95% in first and second surveys, respectively, (p > 0.05). Children with SECC showed higher counts of ms than children without this condition. A high caries index in mothers was associated with higher caries experience in their children., Conclusion: The compassions of the surveys indicated a decline in dental caries indices over an 11-year period. High caries experience in the mother had a negative impact on the oral condition of the child.