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Copyright of Carta Económica Regional is the property of Universidad de Guadalajara and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Justicia (0124-7441) is the property of Universidad Simon Bolivar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The United States of America (USA) and the United Mexican States (Mexico), for a long period maintain a close relationship in trade, so that since 1994 they have been reducing and eliminating tariffs with their Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that includes to the countries of Canada, USA and Mexico. NAFTA since the coming to power of Donald Trump was put under review and was ratified by Mexico in 2019, in the US and Canada in 2020, now with its acronym T-MEC (Mexico, United States, Canada Treaty). Mexico is an important and strategic trading partner for the USA and vice versa, the USA being the number one economy in the world and Mexico located among the fifteen largest on the planet. The dynamics of the economy of both countries maintains them with a growth rate in exports and imports. Likewise, the increase in trade contributes so that the US Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Mexico has a high participation in the states that make up the country. The objective of this research is to analyze USA trade and the distribution of FDI in Mexico during the years 2000 to 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a brief review of contemporary Mexican policy on science and technology we locate innovation experiences of firms in the context of innovation systems and market failures. Given the purpose of competitiveness as related to local innovation policy, the focus must be to solve the market failures inhibiting the firms' willingness to assume innovation risks and uncertainty. Most of all the failure of higher rates of profitability for non-tradeables, which are discriminating against tradeables in higher competition and more uncertain outcomes. For the most part there is also a lack of continuity in the participation of firms in the programs of subsidies for innovation projects. In conclusion we argue for a highly differentiated policy according to sectors and states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate the degree of comovement and cyclical synchronization of formal employment across Mexican states. As a measure of formal employment we use the number of workers with permanent contracts registered at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) in each state between July 1997 and December 2011. We find that Mexican states are highly heterogeneous with respect to the degree of association between the fluctuations of state and national employment levels. Fluctuations in state employment are highly cross-correlated only among 12 of the 32 states, and the sources of these fluctuations seem to be the shocks to na-tional employment. Cyclical synchronization across states' employment levels and between state and national employment levels is high among these states, although only in four of them the number of contractions estimated equaled that of national employment; these 12 states are located in the northern border with the United States, in the western-central and the central regions of the country. On the contrary, in states where the degree of co-movement between state and national employment is low --as it is the case in northwest-central, southern, and east-southern states, the source of state employment fluctuations seems to be mainly associated with regional or state factors--. Among this latter group of states employment does not exhibit cycles of the classical type, or if they do exhibit such cycles the degree of cyclical synchronization with national employment is very low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]