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The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne paranaensis is one of the main problems for coffee production in Latin American countries. In Mexico, this nematode is found damaging shaded coffee plantations, with a wide variety of associated vegetation. The plant species present in these agroecosystems could serve as nematode alternative hosts, helping to maintain and disperse the population of M. paranaensis even when control measures are carried out for coffee trees. The aim of this work was to evaluate the ability of M. paranaensis to reproduce in 13 plant species commonly associated with shade-grown coffee plantations. The plants were inoculated with eggs and J2 of M. paranaensis, 10 months later, the host susceptibility index and the resistance level were calculated based on the nematode population density. Meloidogyne paranaensis reproduced in 11 of the evaluated plants which presented different resistance levels. Citrus aurantium, Citrus reticulata, Inga jinicuil, Inga vera and Musa AA, were highly susceptible compared to Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora. On the other hand, Macadamia integrifolia and Psidium guajava are considered resistant to moderately resistant with a reproduction rate less than one and a susceptibility index less than 10 with respect to C. arabica and less than 25 with respect to C. canephora. Persea schiedeana and Syzygium jambos did not allow M. paranaensis reproduction, so they are considered highly resistant. The results of this study provide important information for the M. paranaensis management in infested shade-grown coffee plantations. It is necessary to evaluate other woody and herbaceous plant species to improve control measures for this nematode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deforestation in the tropics is a critical issue that interacts with global environmental changes, and the mediating role of negative agricultural shocks is ambiguous. We investigate the impact of the massive epidemic of coffee leaf rust (CLR) that affected Mexico from 2012 on deforestation. CLR is a fungal disease that negatively affects coffee production. We exploit the gradual spread of the epidemic across coffee‐growing municipalities and estimate a difference‐in‐differences model. We find that deforestation increased by 32% in CLR‐affected municipalities, but we find no increase in agricultural land. We find evidence of deforestation in cropland area, and our effects are driven by states where rustic coffee systems were predominant. These results suggest that deforestation occurred within coffee cultivation areas and point out the concurrent role of government subsidies and incentives through the PROCAFE program, launched in 2014, that promoted the replacement of traditional coffee trees by CLR‐resistant hybrids. We study the dynamic effects of CLR and exploit the delayed launch of PROCAFE to try to disentangle the impact of the epidemic from that of the policy response. Our results emphasize the vulnerability of agroforestry systems to exogenous shocks and suggest that PROCAFE, as a short‐term response to CLR, contributed to increasing deforestation and accelerating the transition of Mexican traditional coffee landscapes to monoculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is one of the tropical crops of great relevance. Mexico occupies one of the first places to produce it. Chiapas is the state that contributes the most significant amount of grain to the national and international market, harvested by organized groups such as cooperatives of origin indigenous. In these regions, cultivation is divided into five stages: cultivation, harvest, wet processing, dry processing and roasting. Thus, the agroecological approach based on the agroforestry system of coffee in the community of Ocotepec allowed generating an intercultural dialogue with a Zoque indigenous cooperative, where its members expressed the need to develop information regarding their production process and thus take the relevant decisions. Concerning environmental impacts. The life cycle analysis was applied as a methodological tool to evaluate the process of producing a kilogram of ground coffee in its honey and specialty varieties offered to the national market, showing the most significant impacts for both types of coffee. Cultivation level (water consumption around 80% and land use with effects close to 98%), wet processing (impacting the ecotoxicity of water sources close to 99% followed by marine ecotoxicity with 73%) and in its distribution stage affecting at least 15 environmental categories, likewise, comparative tests were carried out to calculate the carbon footprint and the water footprint, with shade-grown honey coffee being the type of coffee that has the most negligible environmental impact and contributes the most profits to the cooperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world; its production is based mainly on varieties of the Coffea arabica species. Mexico stands out for its specialty and organic coffee. In Guerrero, the production is done by small indigenous community cooperatives that market their product as raw material. Official Mexico Standards stipulate the requirements for its commercialization within the national territory. In this work, the physical, chemical, and biological characterizations of green, medium, and dark roasted beans from C. arabica varieties were carried out. Analysis by HPLC showed higher chlorogenic acid (55 mg/g) and caffeine (1.8 mg/g) contents in the green beans of the Bourbon and Oro Azteca varieties. The caffeine (3.88 mg/g) and melanoidin (97 and 29 mg/g) contents increased according to the level of roasting; a dissimilar effect was found in the chlorogenic acid content (14.5 mg/g). The adequate nutritional content and the sensory evaluation allowed the classification of dark-roasted coffee as premium coffee (84.25 points) and medium-roasted coffee as specialty coffee (86.25 points). The roasted coffees presented antioxidant activity without cytotoxic effects; the presence of CGA and caffeine supports the beneficial effects of drinking coffee. The results obtained will serve as a basis for making decisions on improvements to the coffees analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2010-20, specialty cafés emerged in Mexico that led to a significant change to café work culture. Using protagonists' oral accounts, this article examines the rise of specialty café culture in two Mexican cities (Puebla City and Oaxaca City) and how and why specialty coffeeshop owners and baristas participated in this rise. The article argues that specialty café owners and baristas were crucial actors in the emergence of a specialty café culture in Mexico. Subsequently, specialty cafés offered new working conditions for baristas as well as owners. These conditions created jobs of passion, led to job-satisfaction for these urban workers, and facilitated positive service-work experiences. Overall, this paper exposes how specialty cafés grew, why people decided to participate in this growth and how they interpreted their participation in this experience. Moreover, this paper adds to the history and study of coffee by approaching café culture in a coffee-producing country and by prioritising the focus on café workers instead of agricultural labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shade trees provide important ecological services that support productivity in coffee agroforestry systems. Processes such as biological nitrogen fixation play a key role in this. Less is known, however, about potential indirect mechanisms by which nitrogen fixation supports coffee productivity. One potential route for this to occur is by providing ecological benefits to other above‐ and belowground organisms that enrich the overall function of agroecosystems. A useful lens with which to evaluate the ecological benefits to these communities under shade trees is to assess how ground‐dwelling ant communities respond to the quality of leaf litter from established nitrogen (N)‐fixing tree species. Here, we use two trees commonly planted in coffee agroecosystems: Inga micheliana, an N‐fixing species, and Alchornea latifolia, a non‐N‐fixing species. In this study, we set out to answer the following questions: (1) How does the leaf litter environment differ between I. micheliana and A. latifolia? (2) Do differences in environmental factors between I. micheliana and A. latifolia correlate with differences in ant abundance and species richness? and (3) Do differences in environmental factors between I. micheliana and A. latifolia correlate with differences in ant community composition? Twenty‐eight randomly selected sites (14 I. micheliana and 14 A. latifolia) were established within a 45‐ha plot in a shaded organic coffee farm in Chiapas, Mexico. Three 1‐m2 quadrats within a 5‐m radius from the base of the selected trees were established, and the leaf litter within the quadrats was removed and sieved. Ant specimens were extracted from leaf litter collected from quadrats using the mini‐Winkler method and identified to genus and species, or morphospecies, level. Results indicate that I. micheliana, the N‐fixing species, has a lower C:N ratio than A. latifolia. Differences in C:N ratios are correlated with ant abundance but not with ant species richness. Distance to edge (in meters) has significant effects on leaf litter ant abundance, richness, and species composition. Results suggest that there may be unaccounted feedbacks from N‐ and non‐N‐fixing vegetation to brown food webs enabling them to sustain similar ground‐dwelling ant communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico is among the ten main producers of Arabica coffee, contributing 2.41%. With an area of 586 hectares, the State of Mexico, produces 630 tons of cherry coffee, which places it in 11th place, contributing 0.07% of the production. With the objective of characterizing coffee production in sociodemographic, economic, agronomic, and cultural aspects in the municipality of Sultepec, we used the applied survey technique through an interview questionnaire (n=30). The results showed that 70% of the producers are men, the average age was 50.13 years, and 90.4% have basic education studies. There are 1.72 hectares per coffee grower, old varieties established 23.93 years ago predominate, yields are less than 1.0 t ha-1 in cherry coffee, and the income is below $32,287.47 pesos per year. This reflects a lag in the production of this crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goat production in Mexico is an important economic activity that is affected by different gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) species. GINs resistant to commercial anthelmintics have been reported. Plant extracts or agro-industrial by-products, such as coffee pulp, have been proposed as control alternatives, given their secondary metabolite content. The aim of the present study was to determine the anthelmintic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of coffee pulp against benzimidazole-resistant GINs. Stool samples were collected from goats, from which GIN eggs were identified and quantified. Molecular techniques confirmed the genus of GINs and their benzimidazole resistance profile. The percentage of egg hatching inhibition (% EHI) and larval mortality (% LM) with the hydroalcoholic extract of coffee pulp was determined at concentrations from 200 to 0.39 mg/mL. The genera Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. were identified, and the presence of the β-tubulin gene mutation, associated with benzimidazole (BZ) resistance, was determined. Hydroalcoholic extract of coffee pulp inhibited 100% of egg hatching at 200 and 100 mg/mL, with no larvicidal effect at the evaluated concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The areas of current and future aptitude for cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) and coffee (Coffea arabica L.) crops were evaluated, in climate change scenarios in the Soconusco region, Chiapas, Mexico and the areas where the aptitude of the land increased or decreased were defined. The above provides information to recommend its management and conservation. Two methodologies were used: weighting of factors and limiting factors; both based on the optimal and extreme tolerance values of each crop for each edaphoclimatic requirement. First one, for the determination of potential areas for the establishment of crops; the second one, for differentiation of the combinations of environmental variables that took place within the study area. Climate change scenarios were evaluated and the distribution and aptitude areas were determined. Also, a comparison was made between current and future suitability for both crops to quantify the impact of climate change. The results indicate that the future aptitude of the land will have a decrease in the potential areas for the establishment of both crops that range between 4.5 and 4.8% for coffee and from 7.2 to 9.3%for cocoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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An(other) world is already existing and present across place. Capitalist-style economic development occurs within and alongside multiple ways of knowing and creating 'livable worlds.' Moreover, as part of the multiple ontologies and epistemologies of what it means to live well together, people practice various forms of economic exchanges. In this paper, I examine how the performance of solidarity in the exchange of coffee assists with rethinking development and what it means to build dignified livelihoods and livable worlds. By decentering capitalism and considering multiple forms of economic exchange, such as those built through solidarity networks, I argue that not only is 'another world possible,' but that it is present and in the continuous and messy process of becoming. Drawing on over a decade of ethnographically informed work with coffee cooperatives in rebel autonomous zones in Chiapas, Mexico and coffee roasters in the U.S. I ask, how do capitalist and more-than-capitalist exchanges both foster and expose the friction in economic development solidarity work? Here, I address development as multiple, rather than other forms as 'alternative' as part of the project of destabilizing capitalist hegemony and making visible already existing performances and practices of development that transcend white, western, and Anglophone ways of knowing and being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coffee plant, with more than 40 billion shrubs, 9 million tons of grains produced, and 80% of its production accounted for by small-scale producers, has been severely damaged since the emergence of Hemileia vastatrix and Hypothenemus hampei. Despite technological support, these pests have caused 20% to 40% production losses, a 50% to 60% deficit in performance, and a cost of between USD 70 million and USD 220 million to the world economies, which forces us to rethink actions centered on people as the key elements to develop appropriate solutions. For this, the present study presents a technological proposal centered on small indigenous coffee producer requirements for introducing Industry 5.0 technologies, considering roadmapping, knowledge management, statistical analysis, and the social, productive, and digital contexts of five localities in Mexico. The results show a correlation between monitoring and control, soil analysis, the creation of organic fertilizers, accompaniment, and coffee experimentation, as the actions to be implemented, proposing the introduction of a mobile application; sensors, virtual platforms, dome-shaped greenhouses, and spectrophotometric technology as relevant technologies centered on indigenous coffee producers' requirements. This study is important for policymakers, academics, and producers who wish to develop strategies centered on people in Mexico and the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work examined how the esthetic impression caused by a specific mug selection seems to influence the expected flavor elicited by a coffee beverage. Participants from Mexico viewed online photographs of espresso, Americano, latte and cappuccino presented in two different mugs, including a transparent glass mug and a white ceramic mug. The type of mug influenced participants' subjective ratings of the drinks. Espresso and Americano were expected to be more aromatic, bitter, hotter and more intense when served in a transparent glass mug rather than in a white ceramic mug. Results extend the knowledge of consumer preferences and bring an idea for the best way to better fulfill customer's sensory expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to identify drivers of liking for local coffees cultivated in three indigenous regions from Hidalgo, Mexico. A conventional descriptive analysis was conducted to identify the sensory characteristics; 2-AFC discriminative test was performed to determine differences in acidity and bitter among coffee beverages. In addition, overall liking of four coffees was evaluated by 145 coffee consumers using a 9-point hedonic scale. Coffees from Sierra Gorda and Sierra Alta regions presented higher acidity than coffees from Sierra Otomí-Tepehua and coffees from Sierra Alta region were the most bitter (dʹ = 2.45, p < 0.001). Partial Least Square (PLS) regressions allowed the identification of drivers of liking for three clusters: vanilla-smell and nutty aroma were the main drivers of liking for cluster 1; astringency, acidity and bitterness for cluster 2 and roasted smell and taste for cluster 3. The drivers of disliking were green, earthy and roasted notes for cluster 2. This is the first report of drivers of liking of local coffee from the Mexican indigenous regions studied. This information can be used to evaluate the native consumer's acceptance for coffee from indigenous regions and to generate strategies to improve coffee processing for desirable consumer-driven sensory attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical transitions, sudden responses to slow changes in environmental drivers, are inherent in many dynamic processes, prompting a search for early warning signals. We apply this framework to understanding the coffee rust disease, which experienced an unprecedented outbreak in Mesoamerica in 2012–2013, likely a critical transition. Based on monthly infection data from 128 study quadrats in a 45-ha plot in southern Mexico from 2014 to 2020, we find that the persistent seasonal epidemic following the initial outbreak collapses in an evident subsequent critical transition. Characteristic signals of "critical slowing down" precede this collapse and are correlated with reduced rainfall, as expected from climate change, and planting of rust-resistant varieties, an ongoing management intervention. Recoveries from catastrophes may themselves be experienced as a critical transition and managers should consider the larger dynamical landscape for the possibility of subsequent transitions. Early warning signals could therefore be useful when evaluating mitigation effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tenuipalpid mites of the genus Brevipalpus are of significant economic and quarantine importance in agriculture. They can damage and vector phytopathogenic viruses in coffee plantations and other crops. In this study, we focused on: identification of the Brevipalpus species, assessment of the spread of Brevipalpus-associated viruses (CoRSV, CiLV-N, CiLVC and CiLVC2), and mite population fluctuations over the course of 1 year. The study was conducted in coffee plantations in Soconusco, a coffee-producing region in Chiapas, Mexico. The collected mites of the Brevipalpus phoenicis sensu lato species complex (635) were identified as Brevipalpus papayensis (80.2%) and B. yothersi (19.8%) based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Their population abundance was low and there were no indications for virosis. The highest mite abundance was recorded in August–September and the lowest in February–March. An interaction was observed between mite abundance and coffee species in open-growth and shaded cultivation at various altitudes. Brevipalpus papayensis was most abundant in Coffea arabica var. Bourbon, in shaded (80%) growing conditions at an altitude of 1300 m above sea level. In C. canephora (in open-growth cultivation conditions at low altitude), B. yothersi was more abundant than in C. arabica, and as abundant as B. papayensis. We are of the opinion that, at this moment, B. papayensis and B. yothersi do not present risks to the production of coffee for the studied plantations. However, as the coffee-producing regions of Mexico are ecologically diverse, it will be important to continue examining the status of Brevipalpus mite populations in other regions in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate three proportions of alcohol in traps with one and three windows and two different colors to capture Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari in Coffea arabica L. plants. Design/methodology/approach: The experiment followed a completely randomized design with a complete factorial arrangement and four replications. From March to July 2007, three mixtures of ethyl: methyl alcohol were evaluated in different proportions (1: 0, 0: 1 and 1: 1). In addition, green and transparent traps were used, designed with a single or three windows. The number of captured coffee berry borers, water loss, attractant evaporation and damaged fruits percentage was evaluated. The data were analyzed through an analysis of variance and a test of means differences (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05). Results: The mixture of ethyl: methyl alcohol 1: 1 was the best, with an average catch of 980 trapped - insects week-1. The single window of transparent color traps was the most efficient to avoid water loss, with an average loss of 1,129.79 mL and 905 mL respectively. Limitations on study/implications: The design and color of the traps did not influence the capture efficiency and the evaporation of the attractant during the evaluated months. Therefore, it should be further evaluated during other important phenological stages for the crop. Findings/conclusions: Transparent color traps with a window and 1: 1 ethyl: methyl alcohol were efficient for capturing H. hampei and lowering their population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coffee berry borer, the most economically important insect pest of coffee worldwide, is the only insect capable of feeding and reproducing solely on the coffee seed, a food source containing the purine alkaloid caffeine. Twenty-one bacterial species associated with coffee berry borers from Hawai'i, Mexico, or a laboratory colony in Maryland (Acinetobacter sp. S40, S54, S55, Bacillus aryabhattai , Delftia lacustris , Erwinia sp. S38, S43, S63, Klebsiella oxytoca , Ochrobactrum sp. S45, S46, Pantoea sp. S61, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , P. parafulva , and Pseudomonas sp. S30, S31, S32, S37, S44, S60, S75) were found to have at least one of five caffeine N-demethylation genes (ndmA , ndmB , ndmC , ndmD , ndmE), with Pseudomonas spp. S31, S32, S37, S60 and P. parafulva having the full complement of these genes. Some of the bacteria carrying the ndm genes were detected in eggs, suggesting possible vertical transmission, while presence of caffeine-degrading bacteria in frass, e.g., P. parafulva (ndmABCDE) and Bacillus aryabhattai (ndmA) could result in horizontal transmission to all insect life stages. Thirty-five bacterial species associated with the insect (Acinetobacter sp. S40, S54, S55, B. aryabhattai , B. cereus group, Bacillus sp. S29, S70, S71, S72, S73, D. lacustris , Erwinia sp. S38, S43, S59, S63, K. oxytoca , Kosakonia cowanii , Ochrobactrum sp. S45, S46, Paenibacillus sp. S28, Pantoea sp. S61, S62, P. aeruginosa , P. parafulva , Pseudomonas sp. S30, S31, S32, S37, S44, S60, S75, Stenotrophomonas sp. S39, S41, S48, S49) might contribute to caffeine breakdown using the C-8 oxidation pathway, based on presence of genes required for this pathway. It is possible that caffeine-degrading bacteria associated with the coffee berry borer originated as epiphytes and endophytes in the coffee plant microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND In Mexico, coffee activity is mainly carried out in indigenous zones, involving almost one million people. However, local national coffee consumption is low. This article focuses on the analysis of the effect of consumers' expectations as well as some sociodemographic characteristics on the level of liking of Mexican local coffee. Four coffees from three indigenous zones of Hidalgo, Mexico were evaluated using a nine‐point hedonic scale. The samples were evaluated under three conditions: (i) blind, no information given to the consumer; (ii) expected, only information given to the consumer; and (iii) informed, giving information and product to the consumer. RESULTS: The difference observed between expected and blind condition was significant (P < 0.005) for the three local coffees evaluated, indicating a negative disconfirmation. The local coffees were less appreciated than expected, since the information about the samples created high hedonic expectations among the consumers. The level of education and the place of residence of consumers had a significant influence on their level of liking. Based on demographic characteristics, three segments were found presenting a different pattern of liking. CONCLUSIONS: Consumers had positive expectations towards the local coffee. The sociodemographic characteristics and aspects related to consumption, particularly the experience with the product, are decisive in the expectations concerning the local product. This investigation can be useful to generate marketing strategies according to the demands and needs of the market, making local products to be valued. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To know the productive cultural dynamic that underlies to coffee agroecosystems in Sustainable Rural Development District 005 of Fortín, Veracruz, Mexico. Methodology: A survey with open and closed questions was applied. Information submitted to variance analysis, Tukey tests and frequency tables. Results: Coffee agroecosystems in Mexico are complex systems with an underlying particular cultural dynamic that expresses a worldview and that not only influences life, but also the reproduction of certain handling practices the logic of which goes beyond economy. Coffee activity is performed mostly by tradition (39%), characterized by Coffea arabica agroecosystems under the shadow (100%), with a performance lower than 5.87 t ha-1. Limitations: It is a case study for a specific zone of the state of Veracruz and the results reflect a local reality. Findings: Producers perform up to four economic activities external to their trade to complement their family income; the paradox is that this has served as a foundation for continuing the coffee-growing activity, reduces its economic vulnerability and eases the continuity of their production mode and lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the current coffee knowledge as agroforestry systems, with emphasis on Mexico. Design/Methodology/Scope: A search for documentary information was performed on the Internet based on Google®, with the keywords "agroforestry and coffee plantations" and "coffee systems in Mexico". Results: 88 documents were found; 91% of publications were in Spanish, 40% were from Colombia, 24% from Mexico, 7% from Costa Rica and the remaining 29% of other countries. Study Limitations/Implications: This topic is studied in several institutions, although it does not constitute a systematized study line. Findings/Conclusions: Most research works are centered on the importance of the coffee agroforestry system as provider of environmental services, among which the carbon and water intake, biodiversity reserve and erosion buffering stand out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiapas is the main coffee-producing state in Mexico, contributing around 40% of national production in 2018 (SIAP, 2019), with 1.8 million of 69 kg bags, benefiting around 175,000 coffee producers. The state has 13 different coffee-producing regions with different environmental, technical, and socio-cultural characteristics that influence the production of coffee. The objective of the present work was to study the physical and chemical properties of the beans from the 13 regions, and to evaluate their effect on the sensory attributes of the beverage. 139 samples of 12 kg of coffee cherries were directly obtained from coffee plantations, processed in situ by the wet route, thus obtaining about 2 kg of parchment coffee. In each sample, physical (shape, size, and defects); chemical (caffeine, trigonelline, and chlorogenic acid), and sensory (aroma/fragrance, taste, aftertaste, acidity, body, balance, and overall appreciation) analyses were performed. The results showed that bean's shape did not affect (p > 0.05) the cupping total score, but it did on attributes such as aroma and body. In general, the size of coffee beans had not significant effect on the cup quality attributes of the beverage; only in aroma the middle and small sizes of coffee beans scored higher (p < 0.05) than larger beans. Caffeine and trigonelline concentration in the beans had a negative correlation with all the cup quality attributes, contrary to what was found for chlorogenic acid (5-CQA), which improved all the cup quality attributes, especially acidity. In conclusion, physical and chemical properties in the coffee beans can modulate the cup quality attributes of the beverage in coffee samples from Chiapas, Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee agroforestry systems are considered as a strategic mode of production focused on sustainable development, because it is the livelihood of small producers and about 30 indigenous groups in the country. Despite this, there are multiple social, economic and environmental threats that have generated a reduction in the area dedicated to this mode of production. Therefore, it is essential to highlight the environmental, social and economic benefits that these systems have generated in marginalized communities to avoid further reducing the surface with said sustainable production system. The objective of this essay is to analyze the role that coffee agroforestry systems have played in the sustainable development of small producers in Mexico through the documentary research technique to have scientific evidence on the main environmental, social and economic benefits and identify the main threats to guide future research in order to improve and conserve coffee agroforestry systems. It was found that this system has generated a range of ecosystem services, among which the potential for CO2 capture and the capacity for the conservation of native biodiversity stand out. Despite the multiple social threats, small producers dedicated to this mode of production are reluctant to abandon this practice because it is a way to survive and maintain their social reproduction system, regardless of the challenges that arise. The small producers that have managed to generate a significant increase in their economy are those who have organized in cooperatives to produce specialized organic coffees of high quality with an export focus. Migration, advanced age of producers, poor management of the system, phytosanitary diseases and climate change are the main threats identified. There is ample scientific evidence on the environmental benefits of coffee agroforestry systems in Mexico; however, it is necessary to expand the information in the social and economic field to obtain strategies that help small producers from marginalized communities to achieve sustainable development, taking care of improving their quality of life, reducing the main threats that afflict them and the reduction of vulnerability to current and future climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to contribute to the validity and reliability of the Garcia Coffee Entrepreneurship Scale (2016). A non-experimental, cross-sectional, and exploratory study was conducted with a non-random selection of 300 coffee merchants. The results confirm the original report, although the incidence of another factor, that the literature identifies as cooperativism, is noted. The extension of the work to other scenarios and samples of micro entrepreneurs is suggested, in order to confirm the dimensions of the undertaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The majority of remaining tropical forests exist as fragments embedded in a matrix of agricultural production. Understanding the effects of these agricultural landscapes on species dispersal is crucial in the development of successful conservation planning. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the influence of five landscape features within a coffee agroecosystem (i.e., slope, elevation, streams, riparian effect, and tree cover) on Heteromys desmarestianus goldmani gene flow. We expected that landscape variables linked to more intense agricultural management (e.g., low tree cover, riparian effect) would reduce gene flow in H. d. goldmani. Methods: This study was conducted in a 4 km × 2 km area within the coffee growing region of Soconusco in Chiapas, Mexico. We used 12 microsatellite markers to calculate individual-based estimates of gene flow as a measure of dispersal. We used resistance surface modelling, using ResistanceGA (Peterman in Methods Ecol Evol 9:1638–1647, 2018) to identify if any of the landscape features analyzed explained the patterns of gene flow. Results: Our results showed patterns of population structure and weak isolation-by-distance, as found previously for H. d. goldmani by Otero Jiménez et al. (Conserv Genet 19:495–499, 2018). Slope and tree cover were the two landscape features that could best explain gene flow patterns. More specifically, intermediate slopes and tree cover represent the lowest resistance to gene flow for H. d. goldmani and, thus, have a role in promoting gene flow in this species. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential of integrating molecular and landscape data to explore population connectivity of elusive species, such as terrestrial small mammals. Our study adds to the growing body of literature in landscape genetics by demonstrating that a rodent species shows population structure at a small scale resulting from landscape factors linked to agricultural management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent coffee leaf rust epidemic has generated a severe fall in Coffea arabica production throughout Mexico and Central America. This paper analyzes the social–ecological crisis presented by the Hemileia vastatrix outbreak, with a focus on how global, regional and national dynamics interact with local processes in the Chiapas Sierra Madre of south-eastern Mexico, a biodiversity hotspot with a tradition of smallholder, shade-grown coffee production. We explore the hypothesis that the current coffee rust epidemic is an expression of global environmental change, with implications for legal frameworks and international efforts towards risk management and climate change adaptation. Addressing debates on legal resilience building, we illustrate how mismatches of scale between social–ecological phenomena and legal and institutional arrangements may generate pathological solutions for small-scale coffee producers and shade-grown coffee ecosystems. Thereafter, using the analytical lens of modularity, the paper sheds light on landscape stewardship to reduce the risks of non-resilient characteristics such as isolation, on the one hand, and on the other, over-connectedness of habitat patches in the landscape of importance for ecosystem functions at larger scales. The interdisciplinary framework leads to recognizing the role of institutions and legal arrangements which are not limited to national boundaries in proposing solutions to this social–ecological crisis. We find that matching scales of law with agroforestry systems can be done through a variety of legal and policy instruments to contribute to resilience building. This matching of scales is vital to safeguarding biodiversity's global benefits and the right of small-scale coffee farmers to a healthy and sustainable environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims is real options empirically study as a technique for technology-based coffee investment projects financial valuation, in addition to comparing the traditional valuation projects techniques versus the real options technique. In order to get the goal of this work the real options technique was applied to four technology-based investment projects from the coffee sector, it is most be mentioning that the four investment projects have cash flows corresponding to ten years each one. The real options technique was use, specifically applying the model developed by the authors Black & Scholes. The analysis carried out in this investigation is limited to coffee investment projects, which were obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in Mexico (SADER). Present investi gation originality is that in Mexico real option methodology does not tend to be used as a rule, but for reasons of ease, traditional techniques are used, consisting of net present value, internal rate of return and recovery period. With the application of the real options methodology, a higher value was obtain than that obtained by applying the traditional technique, so it can be said that the real options favor reducing risk and uncertainty in projects for a better evaluation of these. Therefore, the use of real options is highly recommended, since real options technique gives greater certainty of the results of the traditional technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. In Mexico, coffee leaf rust (CLR) is the main disease that affects the Arabica coffee crop. In this study, the local response of two Mexican cultivars of Coffea arabica (Oro Azteca and Garnica) in the early stages of Hemileia vastatrix infection was evaluated. Methods. We quantified the development of fungal structures in locally-infected leaf disks from both cultivars, using qRT-PCR to measure the relative expression of two pathogenesis recognition genes (CaNDR1 and CaNBS-LRR) and three genes associated with the salicylic acid (SA)-related pathway (CaNPR1, CaPR1, and CaPR5). Results. Resistance of the cv. Oro Azteca was significantly higher than that of the cv. Garnica, with 8.2% and 53.3% haustorial detection, respectively. In addition, the nonrace specific disease resistance gene (CaNDR1), a key gene for the pathogen recognition, as well as the genes associated with SA, CaNPR1, CaPR1, and CaPR5, presented an increased expression in response to infection by H. vastatrix in cv. Oro Azteca if comparing with cv. Garnica. Our results suggest that Oro Azteca's defense mechanisms could involve early recognition of CLR by NDR1 and the subsequent activation of the SA signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "desmusgue" is a process wherein epiphytes are removed from coffee bushes to increase production but its benefits are largely anecdotal. The main aim of this study was to find out whether this practice effectively increases coffee production, its cost-benefit and its effect on epiphyte biodiversity. We found that coffee bushes of Coffea arabica and C. canephora that had epiphytes removed produced more fruits than those with epiphytes. However, the increase in production and in farmer´s incomes were highly variable. This practice clearly endangers epiphyte biodiversity. In order to protect epiphytes and farmer income, farmers should be informed of the impact of "desmusgue" on epiphytes, and the consequences of biodiversity loss. In addition, coffee certification programs that subsidize epiphyte-friendly practices, and protected areas and community reserves that favor epiphytes should be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study analyzes the predominant production system in coffee exploitation (Coffea arabica L.) in the south of the State of Mexico, its commercialization process and the economic impact generated by said activity among the main participating agents, the reference year of the research was 2018. The predominant production system in the region was determined, the main marketing channels that the product follows from its exit at the farm until its arrival to the final consumer were identified and the margins were calculated, at current prices, the margins resulting marketing throughout the process. The use of coffee in the south of the State of Mexico is developed under a system of rustic or mountain production, shade, which is developed in small dispersed production units, as a complement to other agricultural activities. The traditional marketing channel used to take the product from exploitation to the final consumer was the direct sale of the producer to the producer cooperative, which adds value to the product and operates as the main intermediary. The participation of the producers in the final price of the product was an average of 75.46%, the collector participated with 15.67% and the retailers 8.92%. The average total marketing margin of 63.00 $ kg-1, of which the cooperative achieved the highest average margin with 23.95 $ kg-1, while the remaining 12.65 $ kg-1 was awarded by retailers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the liberalization of the economy on the caficulture of the municipality of Pahuatlán, in the Sierra Norte de Puebla, Mexico, are analyzed. From a theoretical, historical and ethnographic perspective, it is stated that the implementation of structural adjustment policies placed coffee producers in conditions of competitive disadvantage before large transnational corporations. This situation brought several consequences: increased extreme poverty, stagnation of coffee growing, gradual outsourcing of the economy, and increased internal and international migratory movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the interaction of Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi with the exotic parasitoid Phymastichus coffea, when both natural enemies, co-ocurred inside the coffee berry borer adult. The nematode affects larvae and pupae of P. coffea, reducing by ten times the parasitoid's adult progeny. We concluded that the negative effect caused by M. hypothenemi on the survival and development of juvenile stages of P. coffea could affect the action of this parasitoid as a natural enemy of this pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several descriptive studies on the intake of polyphenols, mostly flavonoids, have been published, especially in Europe and the USA, but insufficient data are still available in Latin-American countries, where different types of foods are consumed and different dietary habits are observed. The goal of this cross-sectional study was to estimate dietary intakes of polyphenols, including grand total, total per classes and subclasses and individual compounds, and to identify their main food sources in Mexican women. The Mexican Teachers’ Cohort includes 115 315 female teachers, 25 years and older, from twelve states of Mexico, including urban and rural areas. Dietary data were collected in the period 2008–2011 using a validated FFQ, and individual polyphenol intake was estimated using food composition data from the Phenol-Explorer database. Median total polyphenol intake was the highest in Baja California (750 mg/d) and the lowest in Yucatan (536 mg/d). The main polyphenols consumed were phenolic acids (56·3–68·5 % total polyphenols), followed by flavonoids (28·8–40·9 %). Intake of other polyphenol subclasses (stilbenes, lignans and others) was insignificant. Coffee and fruits were the most important food sources of phenolic acids and flavonoids, respectively. Intake of a total of 287 different individual polyphenols could be estimated, of which forty-two were consumed in an amount ≥1 mg/d. The most largely consumed polyphenols were several caffeoylquinic acids (ranging from 20 and 460 mg/d), ferulic acid, hesperidin and proanthocyanidins. This study shows a large heterogeneity in intakes of individual polyphenols among Mexican women, but a moderate heterogeneity across Mexican states. Main food sources were also similar in the different states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CHD is becoming an increasing priority worldwide, as it is one of the main causes of death in low- and middle-income countries lately. This study aims to evaluate the association between beverage consumption patterns and the risk of CHD among Mexican adult population. We performed a cross-sectional analysis using data from 6640 adults participating in the Health Workers’ Cohort Study. Factor analysis was performed to identify beverage patterns using sex-specific Framingham prediction algorithms to estimate CHD risk. The prevalence of moderate to high CHD risk was 17·8 %. We identified four major beverage consumption patterns, which were categorised as alcohol, coffee/tea, soft drinks and low-fat milk. We observed a lower risk of CHD (OR=0·61; 95 % CI 0·46, 0·80; and OR=0·58; 95 % CI 0·43, 0·79, respectively) among participants in the upper quintile of alcohol or low-fat milk consumption compared with those in the bottom quintile. In contrast, a higher consumption of soft drinks was positively associated with CHD risk (OR=1·64; 95 % CI 1·21, 2·20) when compared with other extreme quintiles. Finally, coffee/tea consumption was not significantly associated with CHD risk. Our findings suggest that a beverage pattern characterised by a higher intake of sugar-sweetened beverages may be associated with an increased risk of CHD among the Mexican adult population, whereas patterns of moderate alcohol intake and low-fat milk may be associated with a reduced risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sinapsis: Revista de Investigaciones de la Escuela de Administración y Mercadotecnia del Quindío EAM is the property of Escuela de Administracion y Mercadotecnia del Quindio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the mid-1990s, fairtrade-organic registration data showed that only 9 % of Oaxaca, Mexico's organic coffee 'farm operators' were women; by 2013 the female farmer rate had increased to 42 %. Our research investigates the impact of this significant increase in women's coffee association participation among 210 members of two coffee producer associations in Oaxaca, Mexico. We find that female coffee organization members report high levels of household decision-making power and they are more likely than their male counterparts to report control over their coffee income. These significant advances in women's agency within the household are offset by the fact that the women experience significant time poverty as they engage in coffee production while bearing a disproportionate share of domestic labor obligations. The women coffee producers view organizational labor as a third burden on their time, after their reproductive and productive labor. The time poverty they experience limits their ability to fully participate in coffee organizational governance and consequently there are few women leaders at all levels of the coffee producer businesses. This is problematic because it limits women's ability to fully benefit from organizational membership: when women fully participate in governance they gain valuable business and leadership skills and producer associations with active female members may also be more likely to develop and maintain programs and policies that enhance gender equity. Our findings indicate that targeted agricultural development programs to improve gender equity among agricultural smallholders should involve creative ways to ease women's labor burdens and reduce their time poverty in order to facilitate full organizational participation. The research findings fill a gap in existing studies of agricultural global value chains (GVCs) by demonstrating how the certified coffee GVC depends on women's under and un-paid labor not only within the household but also within producer organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The coffee leaf rust (CLR), Hemileia vastatrix, is the most devastating pathogen of coffee in the world. • CLR has been maintained under control in Puerto Rico but not Mexico. • Puerto Rico and Mexico have unique communities of CLR natural enemies. • The mycoparasitic fungi, Lecanicillium lecanii , is more common on CLR in Puerto Rico than Mexico. • Intercropping of citrus in coffee farms in Puerto Rico is associated with greater natural enemy attack of CLR. Ecological principles are frequently leveraged when considering the control of animal pests of crops. Still, pathogens have not generated similar research despite the current interest in the field of disease ecology. Here we use the most economically significant pathogen of coffee, the coffee leaf rust, Hemileia vastatrix , to understand the role of top-down control in its regulation. Large-scale sampling of the pathogen and its natural enemy community in Puerto Rico and Mexico reveal striking differences in the potential for biological control. Four main natural enemies are identified, a fungal parasite, a dipteran fungivore, a mite fungivore, and a snail generalist in Puerto Rico, with only two occurring frequently in Mexico. We suggest that the community of natural enemies is potentially an important mechanism contributing to the maintenance of the pathogen at relatively benign levels in Puerto Rico. We provide evidence that management is a contributing factor and is perhaps operative in part through its effect on the natural enemies of the pathogen. This work has applied significance not only for coffee production in Puerto Rico but also for understanding how this pathogen may be controlled in areas where it has been, and potentially will be, at epidemic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1870 and 1920, the department of the Soconusco in Chiapas, Mexico, became the country's largest exporter of coffee to global markets. The expansion of this economy required the mobilization of an ever larger workforce in the service of international commerce. Yet, as this article argues, global demand could only remake social and economic relations within the parameters of entrenched local structures. In the Soconusco, the development and endurance of incentivized contracts as opposed to coercive debt peonage were the result of tapping into a dispersed and diversified labor pool. By looking at the history of finca San Juan las Chicharras, this article explores both the day-to-day functioning of coffee plantations and the ways in which workers, planters, and politicians alike grappled with the redirection of their output toward ever more lucrative export production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fair trade and vertical integration represent two popular approaches for enhancing the incomes of organized farmers in a volatile coffee market as compared to the uncertain plight of independent, non-affiliated growers. A mixed method approach, utilizing informal interviews and a household survey in Chiapas, Mexico, analyzed three coffee trading regimes: independent, non-affiliated farmers, and growers in cooperatives pursuing a fair trade or vertical integration strategy. Survey and econometric results indicate that concentration on specialty coffee production with a portfolio of foreign contracts is economically preferable to a vertically integrated cooperative, which in turn produces more favorable coffee prices for smallholders than the non-affiliated conventional, coyote-dominated trading system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This paper analyses how coffee-producing households responded to the low coffee prices prevailing around 2003. We provide theory on differential responses in regions dedicated to coffee growing, compared to more diversified or better accessible regions. We show how labor market effects can explain why in the former regions value-adding activities (processing, certification) are undertaken while in the latter regions off-farm activities are adopted. Farm size favors value-adding activities as well as on-farm diversification. These findings call for policy responses to low prices that distinguish between specialized regions and diversified or well-connected regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee producers in many parts of the world have the option of either becoming a member of and selling their coffee to a Fairtrade and organic co-operative, or selling it to a 'coyote', the Central American nickname for intermediary purchaser. This study investigates why different producers make different choices, looking at both material and immaterial costs and benefits of the two choices. A qualitative study from Chiapas (Mexico) finds that a main reason for not choosing the co-operatives is the production requirements that follow organic certification. A survey on production costs confirms that members of an organic co-operative have more work hours than non-members in the same area. A probit analysis indicates that both coffee plot size and number of working household members influence the producers' decision on sales channel. However, the study also finds that aspects not related to the organic production requirements can affect the choice, such as the level of trust in co-operative leadership, and the co-operatives' payment systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mass media, are an important complement in the agricultural extension, however, radio is the most economical mass media, so their potential is huge especially in rural areas. The present study was carried out at a community radio station (Radio Teocelo), with coffee producers, in three municipalities in the area Center of Veracruz, it should be noted that the radio has an audience formed mainly by agricultural producers, also this medium has been used for agricultural extension by the UNCADER (training unit for Rural Development), through an agricultural program called "The Moon in Uncader", with mainly technical information, however, it is necessary to propose relevant socio-economic issues that may be part of an optional agricultural programming, and/or complement the technical programming that is transmitted by the agricultural program. The study found a positive attitude to the proposed socio-economic issues, since most was obtained 80% of positive responses, highlighting the transmission of information on: marketing, government programs, visits to successful producers and transmission of successful cases of successful producers, also adopted a positive attitude for the program is disseminated by mass media mainly Teocelo Radio and are willing to personally spread mainly with friends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to specialty coffee marketing, which tends to overlook the history and political economic position of real coffee producers, coffee tourism provides producers with the opportunity to shape their own self-image in the marketplace. This article employs two coffee tourism projects in the Mexican state of Chiapas as case studies, one that is managed by a cooperative of small coffee farmer organizations and another that is situated on a plantation that is one stop on a coffee tourism route. Both projects actively work to differentiate their coffee within an increasingly competitive specialty coffee market by recasting colonial narratives. In the case of the plantation, which is recast as a family farm, the historical exploitation of laborers is framed as patronage, whereas the smallholders are represented by the cooperative as savvy businessmen who have overcome inequitable power relations through self-organization and the entry into direct markets. The comparison is used to initiate a conversation within anthropology about the understudied, yet rapidly expanding, domain of agritourism. Consequently, the article concludes with a discussion of some of the important questions the comparison raises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia is the property of Universidad de Costa Rica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The water and energy fluxes of a shaded coffee plantation in the lower montane cloud forest (LMCF) zone of central Veracruz, Mexico, were measured over a two-year period (September 2006–August 2008) using the eddy covariance method. Complementary measurements of throughfall and stemflow were made to study rainfall interception. The sum of the observed sensible (H) and latent (λE) heat fluxes was almost 95% of the net radiation (R n) minus the canopy heat storage fluxes, indicating very good energy balance closure. The mean annual evapotranspiration was 1066mm, and 95% of the corresponding FAO Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration (ET0) of 1117mm yr−1. Interception loss was 8% of annual rainfall (1386mm). Both the eddy covariance, and the throughfall and stemflow measurements showed average wet-canopy evaporation rate to be very low (0.05mmh−1) compared to the corresponding rainfall rate (3.06mmh−1). As a result, and despite the low canopy storage capacity of the coffee plantation (C m, 0.50mm), interception was dominated by post-event evaporation of intercepted water rather than by within-event evaporation. Comparing the results for the coffee plantation with interception data from mature and secondary LMCFs in the study area suggests that the conversion of LMCF to shade-coffee may lead to a decrease in interception loss of 8−18% of incident rainfall. This decrease is caused by a three- to seven-fold decrease in C m, probably due to the lower leaf area and smaller epiphyte biomass of the coffee plantation. The mean annual dry-canopy evaporation was 992mm, and 89% of ET0. Comparing the eddy covariance-based estimate of dry-canopy evaporation for the coffee plantation with sapflow-based estimates of transpiration for the LMCFs did not show any clear differences. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Biotropica is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)