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Of the 48 volcanoes in Mexico listed as potentially active by the National Center for Disaster Prevention (CENAPRED), Ceboruco, located in the western Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, is considered among the 5 most hazardous. Its recent eruptive history includes a large magnitude Plinian (VEI 6) eruption ~ 1000 years ago and the historical 1870–1875 vulcanian (VEI 3) eruption, as well as recent fumarolic and seismic activity. Ceboruco is a relatively young (< 400,000 years) stratovolcano characterized by abrupt changes in eruptive behavior. Individual eruptive episodes have great variations in style (effusive andesitic to highly-explosive rhyodacitic) and duration. These factors complicate hazard assessment. Three main eruptive scenarios of different magnitudes (large, intermediate, small) and eruption characteristics (likelihood of occurrence: high, medium, small) have been identified and will be presented as a background to build the volcanic hazard map for Ceboruco volcano (presented in part II of this work). Here, we report on the detailed eruptive history, with emphasis on the volcanic products of each of the eruptions, in order to identify those deposits that can serve as a reference for calibrating the modeling software (Tephra2 and Hazmap for ash fallout, Eject! code for ballistics, Etna Lava Flow Model for lava flows, Titan2D for pyroclastic density currents, and Flo-2D and LaharZ for lahars) that will be used in further steps to simulate different volcanic phenomena and lead to the construction of the hazard map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceboruco volcano in the western Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt is one of the eleven most active stratovolcanoes in Mexico. Due to its recent eruptive history including a large Plinian eruption ~ 1000 years ago, the AD 1870 eruption, and recurrent recent seismic activity, it seemed highly appropriate to construct a hazard map in order to be prepared for future eruptions and their associated hazards. Ceboruco volcano eruptions are predominantly effusive; however, it also has been characterized by a great variability of eruptive styles throughout its record of activity. In fact, some eruptions comprise a significant diversity of volcanic processes, including lava flows, tephra fallout, ballistic emission, pyroclastic flows and surges, and lahars. In this work, we present (1) an integrated and simplified hazard map and (2) more detailed scenario-based hazard maps showing the areas affected by the different expected volcanic phenomena attempting to account for this great diversity of eruptive processes. The maps represent the basis to identify the main hazard zones during a future eruption and the related impacts on population and infrastructure within the area of influence of Ceboruco (~ 700 km2), as well as for undertaking subsequent vulnerability and risk analyses. The maps provide a tool to develop measures of prevention and mitigation of volcanic hazards (preparedness of the population, establishment of evacuation routes and refuges, etc.), as well as for decision-making by authorities during territorial planning (urban expansion for example). The integrated simplified hazard map can also be a tool for dissemination purposes, in order to create awareness of associated hazards derived from a possible future activity of the volcano among the public in general. This is important because in the western sector of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (and specifically in the State of Nayarit) most volcanic edifices (with the exception of Colima volcano) are closed-vent volcanoes (sealed volcanic vent vs. open-vent systems) with long repose periods (up to ~ 16,000 years for example in the case of San Juan volcano 60 km to the W), a situation that consequently and unfortunately has led to a practically nonexistent volcanic risk perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gunshot Wounds (GW) are to date a public health problem worldwide. In United States, each year from 30,000 to 50,000 people die secondary to a gunshot wound, making gunshot wounds the leading cause of death in the age group between 1-19 years of age, it is also estimated that for every death there are at least three disabling injuries resulting in approximately 150,000 injuries caused by firearm projectiles each year. In Mexico, the epidemiology of these injuries is unknown. The Military Central Hospital has no record of what could provide us some information to make it better to understand the magnitude of this problem in our environment and thereby take medical decisions best suited to the survival of our beneficiaries. Objective: To analyze the epidemiology of injuries by firearm projectile. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study of six years from January fist 2006 to December 31, 2011, in which 246 patients who first entered the Central Military Hospital in Mexico with a diagnosis of "Gunshot wound injury" according to their clinical record, subsequently clinical records were obtained of the Central Military Hospital archive, proceeding to the database filling with the parameters set by the researchers. Taking the patient dependent variables such as: age, sex, status in the army, hierarchy in the army (in case of being army man); were subjected to the clinical description of the injury, including anatomic site, fracture, production time between injury and admission to the emergency room and fist diagnosis, also the circumstances of injuries were described, including the place of injury, use of body armor, the caliber of the projectile and the number of impact. Variables during hospitalization were taken such as hospital days, surgical procedures, the use of hyperbaric chamber, antibiotic therapy, the number of specialties involved in the care of these patients, the use of blood transfusions, infections according to the medium culture, their complications and readmissions and the degree of disability certification for employment as military. Then, we made tables and statistical analysis of descriptive data, expressing the results in graphs and thus drawing conclusions. Results: From January the first 2006 to December 31ST 2011 we received a total of 246 patients with the diagnosis of "Gunshot wound injury" in the emergency department of the Central Military Hospital in Mexico with a total of 313 bullets, the male sex was predominant with 93% of the lesions, most patients were military (81%) and troop mainly (56%), the main circumstance in which our patients were injured by firearms was the street (56%) followed by confrontation with armed group (22%), 9 mm weapons are primarily used to produce these lesions, generating between 1 and 6 impacts per patient, mostly 2. The main affected anatomical site was lower limb, followed by chest and upper extremities, generating aggregate fractures in the 45%. While in emergency management, 16% required blood transfusion. During hospitalization most patients required one (39%) to two antibiotics (43%), being required hyperbaric chamber therapy in 5%. During follow-up, 19% of patients had a readmission for treating gunshot injuries. Conclusions: The management of these patients is a public health problem in the military population and an important issue to consider because of the large number of human and material resources for the management of these lesions resources, considering that the 246 patients were 877 performed several surgeries and that the average length of stay was 21days alert us because of the number of specialists needed to meet these demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Shotgun injuries (SGI) are infrequent, but due its special ballistics, are related to adverse outcomes., Objective: To analyze operative and administrative variables, critical for the institution., Method: Demographics and health-care related variables from SGI patients admitted to Military Central Hospital (Mexico City) between July 2006 and August 2019, were retrospectively studied. Statistics methods used were dispersion measures and relative occurrence frequency., Results: Over a 15 months-span, 21 SGI patients were admitted. Mean age was 36.9 ± 13.6 years (range: 14-61) and male gender was dominant (n = 20; 95%). Type II SGI were the most common injuries (62%; 13/21). Mean hospital length of stay was 37.1 ± 28.7 days (range: 3-109) while stay at ICU was 20.3 ± 22.5 days (range: 3-99). Global rate of morbidity was 82% (17/21) and most frequent complications were infective. Global mortality rate was 24% (5/21)., Conclusions: Once SGI cause prolonged length of stay, high rate of morbidity and of enormous consuming of material and human resources, primary prevention strategies are convenient for health-care systems compromised to the care of these cases., (Copyright: © 2020 Permanyer.)