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A workshop that brought together representatives of most of the laboratories that have conducted animal and/or human inhalation exposure studies with concentrated ambient air particles (CAPs) was convened by the Health Effects Institute in Boston on May 5, 2004. Participants agreed that CAPs researchers need to make serious efforts to harmonize their experimental and analytical protocols to permit the sharing of lessons learned, questions raised, and opportunities for more definitive studies. Standardized outcome measures based on spirometry and response markers in lung bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and fluids exist, including the appropriate times after exposure to collect samples and measurements. However, for the emerging focus on cardiac system responses, there are many different electrocardiographic (ECG) endpoints being examined, and little standardization on markers that are most informative about adverse effects; on when the measurements need to be made; and on how to make comparable measurements. The workshop focused on two aspects of dealing with these complexities: sorting out influential particulate matter (PM) components responsible for observed effects, and searching for time-varying responses in continuous outcome data. The need for more complete analyses of PM samples from the CAPs studies was also emphasized, as was obtaining a consistent set of parameters characterizing exposure atmospheres and the ambient PM from which the CAPs are sampled. CAPs studies have already had a significant impact within the air pollution health effects community, especially in regard to cardiovascular system effects, and a follow-up meeting with a greater focus on means to harmonize data collection and analysis is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]