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The Manila Trench subduction zone is an active convergent plate margin between the South China Sea and northern Philippines. This strongly indicates a high probability for larger earthquakes that could potentially trigger a tsunami in the future and anticipated to affect neighboring countries such as Malaysia which has power plants near the coastal areas. The potential disastrous impact of tsunami waves on a power plant causes loss of lives, damage to assets, and loss of electricity for the coastal communities similar to year 2011 Tohoku tsunami in Japan. Therefore, application of shallow water equation (SWE) in tsunami modelling namely generation and propagation phase and nonlinear shallow water equation (NSWE) for run-up and inundation phase of a tsunami event are pertinent in simulating various scenarios of tsunami. Results from tsunami simulation is used as tsunami lateral load. Linear Static Analysis is then utilized to analyze stability of 275-kV transmission tower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scope of this study is to investigate the effect of the kinematic rupture process on tsunami propagation and corresponding tsunami hazards in coastal regions. It is significant for the tsunageneric earthquakes of long fault length and subsequent long duration of the fault rupture in the strike direction. Most previous studies on the tsunami hazard assessments of the Manila Trench did not consider the effect of the rupture process of huge plates. The movements of the seabed near the earthquake source are calculated by Okada model. The free surface elevation triggered by the seafloor motion is modeled by the nonlinear shallow water equations. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2011 Japan Tohoku tsunami are used to validate the numerical model by comparing with measurement data. The numerical experiments of the tsunami propagation for the cases of different source rupture velocities in uniform depth and continental shelf are carried out to understand the mechanism of the changes of the tsunami arrival time and the tsunami amplitude due to the kinematic rupture process. Stimulated by the long duration of plate motion of 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, we propose several typical patterns of the rupture process of the long fault of the Manila Trench and analyze quantitatively on the role of the uncertain rupture process of tectonics source in tsunami propagation in the South China Sea. Our results have highlighted that the slow rupture velocity will remarkable affect the tsunami arrival time and maximum amplitude in the South China Sea, comparing to the instantaneous rupture. It is suggested that the rupture process is essential for assessments of the tsunami hazards generated by submarine mass failure with extreme long earthquake rupture source. • The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and 2011 Japan Tohoku tsunami are simulated by using the dynamic source model. • Numerical experiments depict the changes of the tsunami amplitude and the arrival time due to different rupture velocities. • The kinematic effect of the rupture process on the propagation of a virtual extreme tsunami in the Souh China Sea is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated tsunami resonance and multiscale standing waves induced by a hypothetical extreme tsunami in the South China Sea (SCS). The nonlinear shallow water equation model was adopted to calculate the tsunami propagation from an M w 9.3 earthquake occurring in the Manila Trench. Then, the sea surface elevation 24 h following the earthquake was computed for spectral analysis to characterize edge and standing waves for the explanation of tsunami oscillations in the semi-enclosed marginal sea. The spectra of background noise at eight tide gauges were calculated and used as a reference. Results showed that standing waves between 29 and 256 min were the dominant wave modes in the entire SCS. The resonance characteristics around Hainan Island and Lingding Bay were also investigated. Spectral analysis at different spatial scales indicated wave trapping and tsunami resonance over the continental shelf and along the coast. The tsunami resonance modes induced by the hypothetical extreme tsunami reveal information regarding energy concentrations and long-lasting tsunamis in the coastal region and provide a novel perspective for identifying at-risk regions in tsunami hazard assessment. • Tsunami resonance behavior from an M w 9.3 earthquake was investigated. • Oscillation modes had dominant periods of 29–256 min in the South China Sea. • Resonance characteristics were studied in three different spatial scales. • Standing waves were identified on the continental shelf and along the coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]