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Background: A public health problem that has been on the rise in the twenty-first century is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). There are serious adverse effects on both maternal and fetal health following GDM. Potential complications can be reduced by early detection of risk factors, which predispose women to GDM. Objectives: This study aims to identify the risk factors associated with GDM. Methods: A case–control study was carried out among antenatal women admitted to hospitals affiliated to Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. The study population consisted of cases, who were GDM patients, and controls, who were age-matched, non-GDM patients. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 was used for entering and analysing data. Both univariate and multivariate analysis was done for determining the factors responsible for GDM. Results: The mean age of cases was 29.54 (± 4.3) years and of controls was also 29.54 (± 4.2). There was no significant difference while comparing the socioeconomic status across the study groups. Irregular menstrual cycle (OR = 2.78, CI = 0.94–08.4, P = 0.06) and history of type 2 diabetes mellitus in first-degree relatives (OR = 5.26, CI = 2.13–12.99, P ≤ 0.001) were found to be significant risk factors. Conclusion: It was found in our study that irregular menstrual history, history of GDM in previous pregnancy, history of type 2 diabetes mellitus in first-degree relative and history of GDM in first-degree relative are all independent risk factors of GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The most recent data from UNAIDS, about 35 million people are living with HIV infection worldwide. Cutaneous disorders occur more frequently as HIV infection advances and immune function deteriorates; however, they are common and of various types throughout the course of HIV disease. Taking cutaneous disorders into consideration for case management is essential to improve quality of life for HIVinfected patients. Materials and method: The current record based study was conducted at the tertiary care teaching hospital of Kasturba medical College, Mangalore. The records of all the HIV positive patients who visited dermatology clinic, were retrieved from the record section of the hospital. The information pertaining to the demographic characteristics, mode of transmission of HIV and cutaneous manifestations were obtained from the case records. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS. Results: About half (n=67, 51.5%) the patients were in the age group of 26-35 years, and one quarter (n=30, 23.1%) were between 36 and 45 years old. About 86.9% (n=113) of patients acquired HIV through the sexual exposure. Conclusion: Oropharyngeal candidiasis was the most common dermatological manifestations observed among the participants in the current study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. HIV/AIDS has a greater impact on children. Besides being orphaned by the untimely demise of one or both parents due to the disease, these children are more prone for discrimination by the society. Methods. In this cross-sectional study 86 children orphaned by AIDS residing in care giving institutions for HIV positive children in Mangalore were assessed for their clinico-epidemiological profile and nutritional status. Institutional Ethics Committee clearance was obtained before the commencement of the study. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 11.5 and the results expressed in mean (standard deviation) and proportions. BMI was calculated and nutritional status assessed using WHO Z scores (BMI for Age) for children between 5 and 19 years separately for boys and girls. Results. The mean age of the children was 13.2 ± 3 years. Majority (n=56, 65.1%) of the children were double orphans. Most of the children orphaned by AIDS (n=78, 90.7%) had a history of both the parents being HIV positive. The median CD4 count of participants at the time of our study was 853.5 (IQR 552–1092) cells/microliter. A higher percentage of orphans were malnourished compared to nonorphans. (41.1% vs. 36.7%). All the educational institutions, wherein the children orphaned by AIDS were enrolled, were aware about their HIV status. Five of the participants felt discriminated in their schools. Only two of the participants felt discriminated by their friends because of their HIV status. Conclusion. From our study we draw conclusion that even though the children orphaned due to AIDS are rehabilitated in terms of having shelter and provision of education and health care, much needs to be done in terms of improving the nutritional status of these children and alleviating the discriminatory attitude of the society towards them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]