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Conceptualizing the Malay world: Colonialism and Pan-Malay identity in Malaya The use of Ibrahim, as a putative representative of non-elite, popular and anti-colonial nationalism, creates the misleading impression that it is a big deal that colonial knowledge was appropriated for nationalist purposes. The use of colonial textbooks as key sources in the study effectively sets it up to privilege the role of British colonialism in the development of pan-Malayism and to narrowly conceive Malay nationalism as primarily anti-colonial. [Extracted from the article]