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As an initial attempt to preserve springs, research on tree vegetation's characterization around the spring in Malang region was carried out. This study aimed to analyze tree vegetation structure in springs and compare the character of tree vegetation between springs in Malang with different altitudes. The vegetation analysis was used to characterize the vegetation type of trees in each springs area. The plot method used to take samples was divided into four stations in one spring area, and each research station is divided into three plot points so that there are 12 plots in one research location. The analysis of tree vegetation structures in respective springs in the lowlands and highlands of Malang has an average "medium" Diversity Index Value. The tree species based on INP in the lowlands were dominated by Meliaceae, while Lauraceae and Araucariaceae dominated the highlands' tree species. The tree family with characteristics and occurs most frequently in springs areas is the Moraceae of the Genus Ficus. The total family recorded in this study were 22 families consisting of 62 tree species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foraging behaviour of snake can be distinguished by their environments to be an aquatic, semi-aquatic, terrestrial, or fossorial snakes. Here, we recorded not only a foraging behaviour of water snake but also other snakes that have habits to be near the water sources. Snakes at seven water sources in Malang are identified and grouped into Colubridae Family and Elapidae Family. Water snakes are usually found hang on branches and wide leaves over the slowly-flowed stream. We found a Fowlea melanzostus that active during the day, and eating Fejervarya limnocharis. The most common species was Fowlea melanzostus piscator and it is active during the day and night. Two of the four species found are arboreal snake, they are Dendrelaphis pictus and Ahaetulla prasina. Both arboreal snakes are found not only during the night but also during the day. We found one individual of Ahaetulla prasina that was hanging on a bamboo stick while eating Chalcorana chalconota during the day. Most of the water sources in Malang have been dominated by Chalcorana chalconota. It makes Bungarus candidus and Coelognathus flavolineatus also found within this ecosystem. Besides preying on the frog, this snake also preys other's snake and mouse which are also found in nocturnals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stunting is known as impaired growth and development due to malnutrition, chronic inflammation, and psychosocial stimulation. Malnutrition may cause by inadequate intake, poor quality intake, or a combination of both. An in vivo study on inadequate protein levels shows stunting, decreased muscle mass, weight loss, suppressed immune function, and growth hormone. This study aims to analyze the differences in protein intake levels in the stunted and non-stunted toddlers in subdistrict Pujon, Malang. The design of this research was an observational analytic case-control study. The population were toddlers in Pujon Malang, 24 - 59 months (5 years) whose parents were willing to sign an informed consent to be respondent. Measurement of height/age was classified as stunted if the z-score -3 SD (standard deviation) until < -2 SD for case group and z-score -2 SD until 2 SD for control group that consist of 37 toddlers stunted and 37 toddler non-stunted. Protein intake was obtained from the food recall 1 × 24 hours method, while height variables were obtained from measurement. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. The results show that a higher protein intake of 75.7% in non-stunted toddlers are observed than stunted toddlers by 51.4%, with a significant difference. Stunted toddlers aged 24 - 59 months in subdistrict Pujon, Malang, had protein intake lower than the non-stunted toddler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metro River is one of the rivers in Malang city that still used for bathing and washing by the local community. Waste from household activities and agricultural waste is directly discharged into waterways, triggering water pollution. This study aims to determine the water quality of the Metro River based on the diversity of macrozoobenthos. The physicochemical factors are also measured, including temperature, pH, DO, and BOD. A Surber net collected the macrozoobenthos sample with three repetitions at each station. This study used the Shannon Wieners Index method to calculate macrozoobenthic diversity, the Water Quality Index to analyze physicochemical water parameters, and the Family Biotic Index method to analyze the Metro River water quality. This study shows a correlation between physicochemical parameters and the abundance of macrozoobenthos. The results also show that many macrozoobenthos from the Tubificidae, Chironomidae, Parathelphusidae, and Thiaridae families. The FBI analysis shows a value of station 1 (8.38), station 2 (6.90), station 3 (7.88), station 4 (6.78), and station 5 (7.44) classified as poor and very poor water quality categories, so the conclusion from this study that the Metro River has experienced heavy pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brantas River is a freshwater river that flows in the area of Malang. The current quality of the Brantas River has decreased due to microplastic contamination. Microplastic has dynamic properties and high flexibility accumulating in the waters and organisms. The purpose of the study was to determine the type and abundance of microplastic in water and Gambusia affinis fish in the Brantas River Malang area. This study employed a survey method and sampling which was carried out in five different locations based on land used. The identification of microplastics used NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-48 as the standard method. Two-way ANOVA analysis was used to determine the differences in the abundance of microplastics in water and fish at different stations. The average abundance of microplastic in water samples is equal to 5593.33 ± 1137.35 particles/m3 and in gambusia fish samples is 3.09 ± 0.29 particles/individual. Microplastic in the water samples was dominated by fragments type, while fibers type had mainly founded in gambusia fish samples. The result of the abundance of microplastic of water samples and fish samples was different at each station was influenced by their respective land uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Durch) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) is the potential agricultural source in Malang, but not optimally be used. This research aims to develop new variants of cookies for toddlers as weaning food and observe its proximate content. Proximate food samples analysis ensures if the cookies meet the standard as weaning food established by the Indonesian Standardization Agency. This research used experimental methods, by the various pumpkin and carrots flour addition in cookies dough by 10%, 20%, and 30%. Furthermore, the data analysis was done by ANOVA. The results show the highest value of proteins (9.047%), water (3.234%), and ash (2.488%) identified in Formula C (30%), while the highest value of fat (9.220%) and carbohydrate (78.561 g/100 g EP) is observed on Formula A (10%). The results of pumpkin and carrots flour addition influences the content of proximate cookies, such as the more pumpkin flour and carrots added decreases the fat and carbohydrate content in these cookies. Conversely, the amount of protein, water, and ash increases when cookies contain more pumpkin flour and carrots. Based on these results, the pumpkin and carrot cookie samples in this study are suitable as weaning food for a toddler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was designed to determine the environmental condition based on Odonata diversity found around the springs in Malang, East Java. The research was carried out around the springs, which focused on the species, the number of individuals of Odonata, habitat, and physical condition of the environment. Visual observation was used by the VES method, then counting the number of species and number of individuals within a radius of 200 m from the springs as a focal point of observation. Data collection was done at 4 springs, including Kendedes, Jenon, Taman, and Cangar. The results showed that there were 17 species of Odonata from 7 different families, with a total number of individuals found from 4 Springs as many as 245 individuals. The most common type was Agriocnemis femina and Orthetrum sabina. The analysis also portrayed a moderate Odonata diversity index and that there was a correlation between the physical condition of the environment and the species of Odonata found in a habitat. This condition can be used to describe the structure of the Odonata community in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Better water spring conditions will directly impact the water quality that spread into the environment. Community structure can also be an indication of the state of the ecosystem services that can be provided by the water spring ecosystem. Therefore, we need to know the ecosystem condition of water springs based on their biota, such as amphibians. The target in this research was amphibians at seven water springs. A visual survey was carried out; then samples were recorded to calculate the community structure based on significant value, evenness, Shannon-wiener (diversity), and Margalef diversity index (species richness). On average, seven water springs show a low-indexed of diversity (0.9), 0.7 scores of evenness, and 0.9 scores for species richness. Four of 7 water springs are dominated by Chalcorana chalconota with 88% of Important value. The decreasing quality of an ecosystem can be revealed by the overview of community structure, such as a dominating species. It means that an insufficient number of predators in those areas, resulting in a flow of energy that is not going well. Therefore, based on the community structure analyses, we assume that Malang's water springs are experiencing ecosystem instability and high ecological pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]