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We evaluated the prevalence and determinants of bacterial vaginosis (BV) in HIV-infected women from Maharashtra, India. Among 912 HIV-infected women enrolled, BV was diagnosed in 191 (20.9%) and intermediate BV was diagnosed in 258 (28.3%) women. Women with more than two pregnancies had 1.6 times increased risk of BV (95% CI 1.0, 2.5, p-value 0.038), women who were menopausal had 6.2 times increased risk of BV (95% CI 2.4, 15.6, p-value <0.001) and women who were human papillomavirus (HPV) positive had 2.3 times increased risk of BV (95% CI 1.4, 3.9, p-value 0.001). Although we observed significantly increased risk of BV among women diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or worse disease in the univariate analysis (odds ratio 3.5, 95% CI 1.5, 8.1, p-value 0.004), it did not reach statistical significance in the multivariate analysis. Women who had the first sexual intercourse after the age of 18 had significantly lower risk of BV. To conclude, we observed high prevalence of BV in HIV-infected women and increased risk of BV in HPV positive, HIV-infected women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted in two states Karnataka and Maharashtra. Nine dairy Co-operative Unions/Units from nine districts of Karnataka and nine dairy processing units from nine districts of Maharashtra involved in procurement, processing and marketing of milk and milk products were selected. Primary data were obtained by personal interviews of staff members and managers of respective sections of the dairy processing units with the help of well structured and comprehensive schedule exclusively prepared for the study. Twenty five dairy officials and staff members of dairy processing units involved at various levels such as five from village dairy cooperative societies, five from transportation section, five from chilling centres, five from processing section and five from marketing section were randomly selected as respondents from each selected dairy processing unit of Karnataka and Maharashtra respectively. Thus, the total sample size was 450.The constraints faced by selected dairy processing units at each level were ranked by using Garrett's ranking technique (GRT) and suitable conclusions were drawn to mitigate the problems faced by co-operative dairy processing units of Karnataka and Maharashtra states in the procurement, processing and marketing of milk and milk products in Karnataka and Maharashtra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We describe the frequency of HPV infection and HPV types in HIV-infected women in India. [•] More than two-fifths of HIV-infected women had high-risk of HPV infection. [•] Three-fourths of HIV infected women with cervical neoplasia had high-risk of HPV infection. [•] HPV 16 was the most common type followed by HPV 31 and HPV 56. [•] A very high frequency of high-risk HPV and multiple infections in HIV-infected women. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]