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The validated influence of urban biophysical structure on environmental processes within urban areas has heightened the emphasis on studies examining morphological patterns to determine precise locations and underlying causes of urban climate conditions. The present study aims to characterise morphological patterns describing the distribution of Land Surface Temperature (LST) based on a prior classification of biophysical variables, including urban density (building intensity and average height), surface characteristics, shortwave solar radiation (broadband albedo), and seasonal variations in vegetation cover (high, medium, and low levels), retrieved from multisource datasets. To describe the distribution of LST, the variables were calculated, classified, and subsequently, analysed individually and collectively concerning winter and summer LST values applied in an urban neighbourhood in Madrid, Spain. The results from the analytical approaches (observation, correlations, and multiple regressions) were compared to define the morphological patterns. The selection of areas resulting from the morphological patterns with the most unfavourable LST values showed agreement of up to 89% in summer and up to 70% for winter, demonstrating the feasibility of the methods applied to identify priority areas for intervention by season. Notably, low and high vegetation levels emerged as pivotal biophysical characteristics influencing LST distribution compared to the other characteristics, emphasising the significance of integrating detailed seasonal vegetation variations in urban analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in low-income flats. • Occupants have an influence on air quality. • Variability in window opening routines and natural ventilation intervals. • Observed outcome was poor quality and often unhealthy indoor air. Thermal comfort and Indoor air quality (IAQ) in residential buildings with different degrees of airtightness was studied in two climates in Spain. Behaviour was compared in the areas occupied by day and by night. The IAQ of the buildings studied, erected before energy efficiency regulations were in place (1939–79) and lacking mechanical ventilation, was compared to their airtightness. The rationale for that approach was that under such circumstances air change depends on uncontrolled natural ventilation (=opening windows) and consequently on the outdoor temperature. Relative humidity was also taken into consideration, given the condensation that may be induced where ventilation is insufficient. In winter in both climates, the CO 2 levels were over 1200 ppm, with means on the order of 1900 ppm in Madrid and 1400 ppm in Seville and higher at night than during the day. Infiltration-mediated air changes/hour appeared to be insufficient to maintain the house under healthy conditions and the risk of surface condensation is higher in the most airtight dwellings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]