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Introduction: The study was aimed at identifying the incidence of unreported probable hypoglycaemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) on anti-diabetic medications, using the screening Stanford Hypoglycemia Questionnaire (SHQ) in real-world situations. Methods: It was a multicentre cross-sectional study on consecutive individuals attending 10 diabetes care centres in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The inclusion criteria were as follows: known individuals with T2DM, literate, age greater than or equal to 18 years, on at least one anti-diabetic agent for more than a month and not engaged in regular self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Results: This study was conducted from August 2017 to April 2018, involving 1198 participants. The mean age of the individuals enrolled was 53.45 years (±10.83), with males comprising 55.3% of the population. It was found that 63.6% of patients were on sulphonylurea (SU), 14.5% were on pioglitazone, 92.2% on metformin, 62.3% on Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP4i) and 12.8% on Sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT2i). The mean SHQ score was 1.81 (±1.59). Probable hypoglycaemia was mild in 57.59%, moderate in 14.69% and severe in 1.41%. Those with diabetic neuropathy (P = <0.001), retinopathy (P = <0.001) and nephropathy (P = <0.001) had significantly higher SHQ scores. Insulin or SU use was associated with a significantly higher SHQ score. Concomitant statin use was associated with a lower incidence of mild, moderate and severe hypoglycaemia (P = 0.01). On multivariate analysis, we found that age, sex, systolic blood pressure (SBP), insulin use and fasting blood sugar were the most important factors associated with an increased risk of hypoglycaemia with an R2 cut-off of 0.7. Conclusion: SHQ was discovered to be a simple and cost-effective screening tool for outpatient detection of hypoglycaemia in an Indian setting, and it can add value to management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) has been found to be a more reliable method for diagnosing Hypertension (HTN) and stratifying cardiovascular risk than Continuous Blood Pressure (CBP) monitoring. Aim: To evaluate prognostic significance of ABPM in comparison to clinical Blood Pressure (BP) Monitoring and their association with various risk factors involved in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study done in Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Routine laboratory tests were conducted for all patients. Casual Blood Pressure (BP) was obtained by a trained staff through a digital BP monitor (CITIZEN-CH-432) and Meditech ABPM-05 device was used for ABPM. Pearson's correlation method was used to analyse the relationship between the two continuous variables. Results: Present study included 400 patients of which 225 (56.25%) were male subjects, and mean age was 62 (Range-21-76) years. Of the study population, 90 (22.5%) were CKD G1-2, 79 (19.75%) were CKD G3a, 96 (24%) were CKD G3b, and 135 (33.75%) were CKD G4. Among all the patients included in the study, the most common was normal BP (33.75%), sustained HTN (26.25%), White Coat Hypertension (WCH) (6.5%), and masked HTN (33.5%). When multiple logistic regression analyses were done, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR), and BP data, night-time Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) (OR, 1.043; 95% CI, 1.025-1.067; p<0.001), and night-time Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) was found (OR, 1.050; 95% CI, 1.013-1.075) to have an independent association with non/reverse-dippers. Conclusion: ABPM has more prognostic significance when compared to office BP measurements in all kind of normotensive, hypertensive and CKD patients at all stages. ABPM measurements are often abnormal in CKD, with CKD patients frequently showing an altered circadian rhythm with an increased rate of non dipping and reverse dipping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are few reports in India about the correlation of hypertension, its risk factors and its relationship with type II diabetes. Several studies have shown that Type II diabetes in India is increasingly widespread. Aims and Objective: The main purpose of this research is to determine the association between hypertension and type II mellitus diabetes. Materials and Methods: The Department of Physiology, Era Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow and the Department of Internal Medicine, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Sitapur, performed a cross-sectional study on 520 patients with type II diabetes. The structured questionnaire was prepared to collect history of hypertension, social and demographical parameters and diabetes duration. A trained staff has measured anthropometric data like height, weight and also took blood pressure by digital blood pressure monitor (CITIZEN-CH-432). Results: This study indicated a significant (p<0.001) relationship between BMI and hypertension in diabetes mellitus II patients. This study has also shown significant relationship between physical activity and hypertension in diabetes mellitus patients. The logistic regression study demonstrated that hypertension in diabetes mellitus patients has been positively associated with age (p<10-4) sensitivity level (p<10-3) and period of diabetes (p<10-2). Conclusion: Hypertension is a common issue among diabetic Indians. This research focused primarily on the association of hypertension and its related risk factors in patients with diabetes. The study showed that hypertension in diabetic patients is associated with age, physical activity, awareness level and BMI. More studies on larger sample sizes are needed to validate the current findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]