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Muslim public opinion polls are mostly taken at face value as the direct and unbiased voice of British Muslims, but, as this article argues, most of the public opinion polls are commissioned by the media and suffer from similar framing effects to those seen in the general media coverage of Muslims. At a time of national crisis, following the London terrorist attacks in 2005, it has become especially clear that the media have been following their pre-existing narrative on Muslims rather than responding to public interest. We analyse all public opinion polls conducted in the 18 months following the 7 July attacks and all their broadsheet newspaper coverage to show that the media-framing effects influence both the creation of Muslim opinion polls and their reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of 150th anniversary celebrations has been on the Underground's pervasive influence on London's social history and cultural identity, including iconic designs for station architecture, posters, and typeface. The Underground has been a barometer for the state of London: resilient under attack in 2005; and newly confident during the 2012 Olympics and 2013 celebrations, when the London Transport Museum delivered a restoration legacy in Metropolitan Railway Locomotive No. 1 and coach 353, a new published history, and a fresh approach to collecting through broader participation and social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the experiences of British Pakistanis living in West Yorkshire after the 7 July bombings in London in 2005. Based on qualitative interviews conducted in the Beeston and Hyde Park areas of Leeds and the nearby town of Dewsbury in 2006, the article considers a number of important themes that have emerged since the bombings, including: locality and segregation, views about the London bombers, experiences of racism and Islamophobia, citizenship and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the 150th anniversary of the London Underground (LU) transit system in London, England, which opened in 1863 as the Metropolitan Railway, or the "Met." It comments on commemorations of the system's 50th and 100th anniversaries. Events to mark the 150th anniversary considered include the exhibition of underground trains and posters and various academic events and publications. Traumatic events associated with the LU, including its use for public air raid shelters during World War II and the July 2005 terrorist attacks, are also considered.

Over the last decade the issue of identity has been prevalent in discussions about British Muslims, with the events of 9/11 serving as a touchstone for media debates about religious, national and cultural affiliations. The 7/7 terrorist attacks in the UK led to young British Pakistanis being subjected to intense public and institutional scrutiny and wider political concerns being expressed about the failure of multiculturalism. Young British Pakistanis have thus had to negotiate and maintain their identities in an environment in which they have been defined as a threat to national security whilst simultaneously being pressurized to align with 'core British values'. Within this context, we convey the findings of a qualitative study involving British Pakistanis living in the North-west of England. In presenting the experiences and perspectives of participants, three interconnected processes salient to the maintenance of identity are delineated: solidity, elasticity and resilience. Having unpacked these processes, we draw upon Bhabha's third space thesis to explore the political potentiality of and the limits to hybridic identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The London bombings in 2005 led to the perception that the terrorist threat had changed from external to internal. This became conceptualized shortly after as 'homegrown terrorism.' This article deals with the meaning and scope of this phenomenon. We begin by tracing an ambiguity in the term 'homegrown,' which is both about belonging in the West and autonomy from terrorist groups abroad. A quantitative study of Islamist terrorism in the West since 1989 reveals an increase in both internal and autonomous terrorism since 2003 and that most plots are now internal-but not autonomous. Finally we suggest that an increase in autonomous terrorism is a transitory phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study the causal impact of police on crime, looking at what happened to crime and police before and after the terror attacks that hit central London in July 2005. The attacks resulted in a large redeployment of police officers to central London as compared to outer London. During this time, crime fell significantly in central relative to outer London. The instrumental variable approach we use uncovers an elasticity of crime with respect to police of approximately -0.3 to -0.4, so that a 10 percent increase in police activity reduces crime by around 3 to 4 percent. JEL: K42 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public performance of various and sometimes conflicting identities constitutes a recognisable part of the late adolescent and early adult period. Often such identities are transitional and interchangeable. For young Muslims in Britain, however, the performance of a recognisable ‘Muslim’ identity through religious practices and affiliations to named Muslim groups has frequently been read as the adoption of an oppositional identity in reaction to the increased stigmatisation and racialisation of the Muslim population. Exploring a range of spaces in which these Muslim identities are learned and adapted by young adults, this paper seeks to understand how Islam can be used as a vehicle through which to practise both rebellion and conformity. By interrogating the nuances in decision-making related to conformity and the management of deviant identities, it further attempts to understand the importance of the local context in the place of violent extremism and radical ideologies and their relation to ‘seditious spaces’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The effect of media coverage of the London terrorist attacks on 7 July 2005 on pregnancy outcome in mothers living in the North Western region of England was assessed. Pregnant women exposed to media coverage of these attacks had infants with mean birth weight lowered by 16 g and increased risks of a small and very small for gestational age infant (odds ratio 1:10 and 1:09, respectively). This small, but significant reduction in birth weight may indicate excess glucocorticoid exposure within the fetus, which could contribute to fetal programming and an increased likelihood of disease in adult life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamist militants frequently lack a talent for tradecraft. In recent attacks in Britain and Spain, terrorists made numerous mistakes: receiving traffic citations while traveling in 'enemy' territory, acting suspiciously when questioned by the police, and traveling together during missions. Militants' preference toward suicide operations restricts their ability to acquire practical experience, particularly when they lose their lives during attacks. And their unyielding devotion to their cause blinds them to opportunities to improve their operations. This is good news for counterterrorism officials. Terrorists' poor tradecraft provides alert law enforcers with critical leads they can use to identify their attackers, unravel their plots, and-sometimes-disrupt their operations before they cause additional harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inquests into the 7 July 2005 London transport bombings began on 11 October 2010. Evaluating huge amounts of evidence, the coroner and her team will seek answers for survivors and relatives. They will also scrutinise the actions of the British security services in the months and weeks leading up to the attacks, asking whether the terrorists could have been stopped and the victims saved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Following the London bombings of 7 July 2005 a “screen and treat” program was set up with the aim of providing rapid treatment for psychological responses in individuals directly affected. The present study found that 45% of the 596 respondents to the screening program reported phobic fear of public transport in a screening questionnaire. The screening program identified 255 bombing survivors who needed treatment for a psychological disorder. Of these, 20 (8%) suffered from clinically significant travel phobia. However, many of these individuals also reported symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]. Comparisons between the travel phobia group and a sex-matched group of bombing survivors with PTSD showed that the travel phobic group reported fewer re-experiencing and arousal symptoms on the Trauma Screening Questionnaire (). The only PTSD symptoms that differentiated the groups were anger problems and feeling upset by reminders of the bombings. There was no difference between the groups in the reported severity of trauma or in presence of daily transport difficulties. Implications of these results for future trauma response are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The July 2005 London bombings highlight prevailing terrorist threats to the UK. The present study addressed the psychological response of a community indirectly exposed to the attacks. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), specific hypotheses examined associations between coping mechanisms (resilience, religious faith), emotions, and risk outcomes. Qualitative content analysis demonstrated the complexity of responses to terrorism. SEM analysis showed that resilience helped attenuate the effect of negative emotions; negative emotions heightened risk judgments; and respondents higher on religious faith displayed more positive emotions regarding the attacks. The content analysis supplemented quantitative results. Combined, these results highlight the importance of conveying accurate risk appraisals proportionate to the threat, as well as consideration of psychological operations, including resilience and religious faith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 7/7 terrorist attacks demonstrated that there were some clear deficiencies with the organisation of the United Kingdom's counter-terrorism intelligence community. In the aftermath of the attacks, there were moves to develop a more robust 'counter-terrorism network' in the United Kingdom that would facilitate better communication and intelligence sharing. While recent developments are to be welcomed, the reforms have not addressed some of the fundamental cultural, institutional and technological issues at the heart of the problem. The creation of an effective counter-terrorism network demands that information flows more freely through the intelligence community and that institutional boundaries are broken down. Until these obstacles have been overcome, the new counter-terrorism network will continue to be hampered by the same old problems of intelligence sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This study was conducted following the London bombings of 7 July 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

After the Madrid and London train-bombings, perceptions of the sources of Islamic terrorism changed. The British response to domestic jihadism was to apply community-policing principles to counter-terrorism enforcement. This essay describes the origins and intentions of the community-based policing of terrorism and partnership programmes with Muslim faith organisations. Collaboration with Muslim partners has helped to build confidence within government agencies that Muslim leaders are keen to curb terrorism, but has failed to build trust among the general Muslim public. The application of community-policing principles is, it is argued, an effort to bridge steep trade-offs between effective prevention and the social and political integration of Britain's Muslims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:The present paper describes the cognitive-behavioural approach evolved and adapted to treat survivors of the London bombings experiencing fear and avoidance of public transport (travel phobia). Method: Treatment outcomes for a consecutive case series (N= 11) are reported. Results: All individuals who completed treatment (N= 10) had returned to their pre-bombing use of transport and reported minimal symptoms. Conclusions:The need for appropriately tailored treatment based on differential diagnosis and formulation and the importance of incorporating skills for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British government's response to the London bombings sought to make the terror of that day foreign, even though it appeared largely domestic. This helped construct it as unusual, contingent, part of the uncontrollable ‘otherness’ of the ‘foreign’. However, it also drew the response into the arena of British foreign policy, where the ‘failing state’ has been the dominant conceptualisation of insecurity and terrorism, especially since September 11th. When the bombings are examined through the ‘failing state’ disturbing and important problems are uncovered. Primarily, the ‘failing state’ discourse deconstructs under the influence of the terrorism in London, revealing that Britain itself is a ‘failing state’ by its own description and producing a generalisation of state ‘failure’. It thereby reveals several possible sites for responding to and resisting the government's representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the 7 July 2005 London bombings, schools have had an increasingly central role to play in the surveillance society, notably in the increasing use of dataveillance to help in the identification of potential suicide bombers. What was to most people shocking about the 7th July incidents was that the four people responsible had up to that day led fairly uneventful lives and had had no previous convictions. The 'War on Terror' has brought about significant changes to the state's understanding of governance of risk, and the surveillance role of schools has come a long way since the initial surveillance-based reforms introduced during the Thatcher/Major years. The greater detail now requested for the Pupil Level Annual Schools' Census (PLASC) and the development of the National Pupil Database (NPD) provide the state with a mechanism to engage effectively in a panoptic sort of the school population in an effort to render the identity of potential terrorists auditable. The author writes here in a personal capacity. The views expressed are not published to represent those of the journal or its editorial board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On July 7, 2005, terrorists carried out a series of bombings in London's underground subway system and transportation network. Fifty-two people were killed and more than 700 were injured. The authors of this study interviewed key staff from London agencies to evaluate the response to the London attacks and analyzed the responses using the General Coordination Model defined in prior research (Eyerman and Strom, 2005). Results indicate that the London coordination regime, which is characterized by a high level of preplanning, joint exercises, and regular improvement through constant use, minimized the effect of common barriers to multiagency response. Successful elements of the London response included the rapid recognition and declaration of a major incident; a successful command and control system that involved all key agencies and which was implemented quickly following the bombings; limited disagreement across agencies on roles and responsibilities; and, delivery of a single, unified media message. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author asserts that multiculturalism is not about separatism, fragmentation or tolerating the growth of terrorist networks. He cites the issue of multiculturalism in relation to the July 7, 2005 bombings in London, England. According to the author, the ideal of multicultural citizenship is a critique of the cultural assimilation traditionally demanded by nation-states of migrants and minorities. He believes that domestic policies of multiculturalism are not the source of some of the divisions in society, but a source of hope.

Abstract: Flashbacks in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are commonly experienced as visual, auditory, olfactory or tactile re-livings of a previously experienced traumatic event. We present the case report of one survivor of the July 7th 2005 London underground bombings who was diagnosed with PTSD and who experienced painful flashbacks. We present retrospective multidimensional measures of his pain using standardised instruments. The case provides further evidence that somatosensory re-experiencing of pain memories is possible. Findings are discussed with regards to memory for pain. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Linking veils to fashion (and Islam to modernity), this article analyzes the presence of veiled assistants in London fashion shops as examples of spatial relations that are socializing and ethnicizing. In the anxious days after the 2005 bombs, the veiled body working in West End fashion retail moved through the postcolonial city in a series of fluid dress acts whose meanings were only partially legible to her different audiences. Connecting recent international Muslim lifestyle consumer cultures to gendered consumption in the development of Middle Eastern modernities, this article evaluates new British legislation protecting expressions of faith at work in relation to the role of veiled shop girls in postcolonial shopping geographies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of the group psychology of the population of London, England after the July 2005 explosion. This paper analyzes the symbolic and functional roles of the security forces and governing authorities involved in the post-explosion persecution and investigation. It asserts that the killing of Jean Charles de Menezes, who had been mistaken for a terrorist, was unjust. From a psychoanalytical perspective, the paper looks at the government's treatment of Menezes' case.

This article explores the different ideas of community circulating in the aftermath of the 7 July 2005 bombings in London. Specifically, it compares the idea of a community in unity with a more cosmopolitan, urban idea of community. While these two ideas seem to present sharply different responses, the article questions the extent to which the cosmopolitan model offers an alternative to the nationalist idea of community. Drawing on various discussions about how ideas of community are produced through different understandings of time and origins, the article argues that in this specific case both the national and the cosmopolitan accounts of community worked according to a very similar logic, and therefore risked reproducing similar problems and exclusions. Consequently, the article suggests that the task of exploring alternative conceptions of community must involve greater sensitivity to the politics of time and other approaches to the politics of origins. This challenge is pursued through the motif of the city as a site expressing a different temporality and thus a different idea of community from that expressed in traditions of national belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Terrorist attacks can have psychological effects on the general public.Aims: To assess the medium-term effects of the July 2005 London bombings on the general population in London and to identify risk factors for persistent effects.Method: We telephoned 1010 Londoners 11-13 days after the bombings to assess stress levels, perceived threat and travel intentions. Seven months later, 574 respondents were contacted again and asked similar questions, and questions concerning altered perceptions of self and the world.Results: ;Substantial stress' (11%), perceived threat to self (43%) and reductions in travel because of the bombings (19%) persisted at a reduced level; other perceived threats remained unchanged. A more negative world view was common. Other than degree of exposure to the bombings, there were no consistent predictors of which people with short-term reactions would develop persistent reactions.Conclusions: A longer-term impact of terrorism on the perceptions and behaviour of Londoners was documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the relationship between religion and politics in the terrorist bombings in London, England on July 7, 2005, which were carried out by Islamic extremists. Two main views are examined: the view that the terrorist acts are directed against Western society and the view that they represent an internal struggle within Islam. The author also discusses the question of whether democracy is possible in Islamic countries.

The article reports on the politics of anti-terrorism after the July 7, 2005 terrorist bombings in London, England. The bombings last July 7, 2005 resulted in the most lethal way of one aspect of globalization, where anti-terrorism legislation has been developed, multiculturalism has come under aggress and Muslim racial discrimination has evolved throughout the British society. There arise the political debate between racism, terrorism and legislation of terrorism act amidst the processes of globalization.

The article presents views of several news reporters and members of the editorial board of the journal "Nursing Standard" in response to the terrorist bombings on July 7, 2005 in London, England. At first, the author shares his own experiences about the fourth bomb explosion on a London bus outside the British Medical Association's offices. He then presents the views of his colleagues to whom he asked to give their recollections and reflections. Some of the persons who reflected on the issue are: Colin Parish, a news reporter; Christian Duffin, deputy news editor; Sarah Howe, deputy production editor; and Roger Evans, assistant editor.

The article looks at the role and responsibility of journalism in the society as citizens, focusing on the events surrounding terrorism in London, England. It highlights the understanding of publisher Joseph Pulitzer of the role of journalism, in which he regarded journalism as a privilege. The divergence of the roles of citizens and journalists in the professional domain, particularly its responsibility in informing the nature of the threats that affects the community, is explored.

The article draws parallels between the July 7, 2005 London, England bombings and the Indian Ocean Tsunami on December 26, 2004. The relief response in the London bombings was assisted by the tsunami disaster of December 2004. In both the cases the handling of the dead in mass death situations was carried out by persons who work in what the International Police Criminal Organization, or Interpol, calls D-V-I. The letters stand for Disaster Victim Identification but D-V-I personnel respond in various disasters, natural or man made, whether the cause of death is an air crash, a serial killing, a tsunami or a bombing. But this is not the only link between the two events. The inquiries about missing persons were also related to each other in both the cases. The article then brings to notice two aspects of the London bombings which are relevant to this discussion. The first is that the initial response in any major incident is not by emergency personnel but by those who happen to be on hand. The second is that in the wake of any untoward incident there are incredibly high speed communications other than by the mass media.