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The Czartoryski family, originating from the Gediminas family, is mentioned many times in the history of Poland. It has been present in its history since the beginning of the Polish-Lithuanian union. Its importance grew systematically so that in the 18th and 19th century the Czartoryski family became one of the richest and most influential families in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Political connections and friendships gave the opportunity to influence the course of events, while strengthened the position of the family; the growing fortune and income that flowed from it supported these efforts. The characters selected are only examples from among all representatives of the family. They are a testimony that the Czartoryski family has always served, and continues to serve Poland faithfully, both in times of its splendor as well as its decline, supporting with their strength and abilities the efforts for its flourishing and rightful place in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is based on three English-language press titles published in the early 1830s in Great Britain by Polish emigrants and British supporters of the Polish case related to the political camp of Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski. These are: "The Hull Polish Record," "The Polish Exile," and "Polonia or Monthly Reports of Polish Affairs". The main aim of the article is to recreate the image of the so-called "Ziemie Zabrane" (The Taken Lands) - i.e. the former Polish provinces incorporated directly into the Russian Empire after 1795. These were the lands of today's Lithuania, part of Latvia, all of Belarus and the right-bank of Ukraine. The authors of the several articles devoted to this issue presented - in their writings - the history of these lands from the Middle Ages, their fate during the partitions until the November Uprising, the course of which in Lithuania and Ukraine was described in more detail. There were also reports of repressions that fell upon the inhabitants of these lands after the defeat of the uprising. On the pages of the surveyed press one can also find reports on the state of the economy of these lands, trade and water routes; biographies of famous people born in these areas and many descriptions of their tourist and sightseeing values. In each of these cases, the authors of the texts tried to emphasize the ties between these lands and their inhabitants with the rest of the Polish territory and convince the potential readers that they constitute its integral part, which should be included in it in the event of the reconstruction of the independent Polish state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phrase "Jewish paradise" (from Latin paradisus Judeorum) originated in an early seventeenth-century xenophobic and antisemitic poem. Over the centuries, the original poem has been forgotten and the phrase, originally intended to be a satirical exaggeration of the Jewish position, has become increasingly used as a neutral or even favorable expression referencing the Golden Age of Jewish Culture in early modern Poland-Lithuania. This paper traces the history of this transition and argues that it represents an example of the linguistic reclamation: turning an antisemitic phrase into a philosemitic one, used from Poland to Jewish communities worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article: Despite the fact that everything we know in Polish history about the emergence of Solidarity [Polish: Solidarność], Polish trade unions, in 1980-1981, and the conflict with the communist totalitarian regime is described in sources as 'the Polish Crisis', the question remains open about the contemporaneous deepening communication crisis of the communist government in Lithuania, whose history had long - until the middle of the 20th century - been very closely linked to the development of Poland. From 1951 to 1989, Lithuania was separated from Poland by a double barbed-wire Soviet border barrier without any border crossing points. Nevertheless, the author proposes delving into what type of information control measures the Soviet regime used in influencing the Lithuanian people by undermining their interest in the workers' strikes and the expanding trade union movement in Poland 40 years ago, trying to set Lithuanians against Polish society, and also how the media in the West helped renew the dialogue between Lithuanian and Polish diaspora organisations. Research methods: The author performed a content analysis of KGB documents in the Lithuanian Special Archives and examined the content of the Lithuanian SSR mass media and the mass media of the Lithuanian diaspora in the United States. Results and conclusions: The Soviet concept of security that was implemented by the repressive structure of the KGB was largely associated with the restriction of information, censorship and self-censorship of the population. However, it was also associated with the recruitment of Lithuanian citizens into ongoing cooperation with the secret service to collect data about Polish people who were 'disloyal' to the regime and transfer information to the security service of communist Poland, so the content of these reports must be disclosed. Cognitive value: Thus, the article provides the broader context, in which the content of the propaganda press is only one element of the system that controlled the public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the peculiarities of the regulation of Class Action institution in the civil proceedings of Lithuania and Poland. Due to its limited scope, this article investigates the civil proceedings in the first instance courts only. The authors draw a special focus on the comparative analysis and the analysis of the effectiveness of the procedure in the current regulation by investigating both the doctrine and the available limited case law. The subject of considerations are problems relating both to the admissibility of filing a class action, as well as the course of court proceedings in cases concerning group proceedings, with particular emphasis on their differences from other procedural structures in Poland and Lithuania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Hopes to restore the independent state remained very much present throughout the whole 19th century and motivated the ideas of the civil resistance in both Poland and Lithuania. The struggles for independence erupted through the uprisings of 1794, 1830-1831, and 1863. While these attempts at armed resistance did not lead the liberation of neither Poland nor Lithuania, they demonstrated the undying willingness to regain freedom. With the increasing repressive crackdown by the tzarist government, the role of art only grew. Poems and paintings became weapons in the fight against the tzarist policy of Russification. Considering how an attempt by the society to regain independence influenced the development of art the research focuses on the paintings of the artist Kanuty Rusiecki created after the suppressed uprising of 1830-1831. The paper proposes a hypothesis that the works created during this dramatic period of Polish and Lithuanian history encoded secret symbolic meanings that represented the ideas of civil resistance. Exceptional attention is being focused on the political context in which Rusiecki lived and into his studies in Paris and Rome. Attention is also drawn to the 19th century Europe's context of art marked by the French Revolution. While researching Rusiecki's painting, the paper has discovered the exceptional role the artists played in the social life of the 19th century. Being the citizens without a state, they acted as a public intellectuals and fighting politicians of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Komunikaty Mazursko-Warminskie is the property of Komunikaty Mazursko-Warminskie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes the specificity of the use of titles of Polish-Lithuanian and Russian monarchs in the diplomatic correspondence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Moscow State at the end of the XVI century. The article emphasizes the communicative aspect: the differences in the use of titles in relation to the addresser and to the addressee of diplomatic messages and letters are revealed taking into consideration the corresponding elements of the formular - the intitulation and the inscription. In this regard, special emphasis is paid to the titles of tsar and samoderzec that are given central positions in the title of the Russian sovereign at the end of the XVI century, but are consistently ignored by the Polish-Lithuanian political elite. As the study shows the use of the monarchs' titles in the diplomatic correspondence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Moscow State outgrows the framework of a purely etiquette function turning into a tool of political manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to investigate the history of the Cyrillic manuscript transcription of Selenographia (1647), which details Moon observation - the work of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth astronomer Johannes Hevelius (Jan Heweliusz, 1611-1687). The codex is relevant in two aspects: first, as an example of a late-17th century book, incorporating the characteristics of both a manuscript and a printed publication; and second - as an example of scientific literature in the Commonwealth. Hevelius is a well-known sciencist. The researcher is recognized as the first precise topographer of the Moon. He has composed a catalogue of 1564 stars, discovered four comets, and defined new boundaries of several constellations. In historiography, the manuscript translation of Selenographia has been known since the end of the 19th century. However, in the beginning of the 20th century, the transcript was equated to a piece owned by Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich (1661-1682), which was present in his library in 1682. The manuscript has been studied by multiple linguists, astronomers, and museologists from various countries; however, it is still yet to receive attention from Lithuanian scientists. This article aims to clarify the currently available scientific information regarding the manuscript version of J. Hevelius's work Selenographia, which is presently kept in the Manuscript Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (LMAVB). This study also seeks to answer the following questions: whether the scientists of the GDL were aware of the piece and its Slavic translation, if there is a possibility that the codex may have belonged to the library of Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich, and what are the history and the lifecycle of the codex. The object of this investigation is a manuscript codex (LMAVB RS F19-318) archived in the LMAVB. A digital copy of an exemplar archived in the Zurich ETH Library was used for comparative analysis. The history of astronomy in 17th century Europe and the GDL, as well as the placement of this work of Hevelius in that history, is shortly discussed and based on a literary analysis. This information was used to evaluate the scientific value of the manuscript codex under investigation and make conclusions regarding any possible demand for the translations of Selenographia in the GDL's scientific environment of that time. Codicological and comparative analyses with the original print enabled to consider the circumstances of the translation and transcription of Selenographia and establish the characteristics of the manuscript codex. It was determined that the text is written in a hybrid Church Slavic language; it is written by several scribes in the Calligraphic Book Font with characteristics of the Chancellerie Font, distinctive to the cursives used in the 17th century in Kiev and Moscow. The transcription of the translation is illustrated with original copper engravings (17 of 140), hand-drawn copies of original drawings (17), and original (3) pictures. The majority of illustrations are missing, some blank gaps meant for tables are present, and several tables have been redacted completely. The contents of Selenographia were adapted to fit the environment of its purchaser: all dedications and celebratory texts dedicated to Hevelius were removed and supplementary texts were eliminated, an original preface created by the translator was added, and only an anonymous "ruler" is mentioned. The transcription of the text was intended to maintain the order of the text and illustrations as well as the exact glosses system present in the margins. All numbers and dates have been written in the Cyrillic alphabet; however a Western year numbering system was maintained, and the surnames of scientists were retained in their original Latin forms; objects named in schemes and diagrams were presented in the Latin alphabet. The coinciding fragments of an extant Selenographia translation (chapters 48, 51, 54, and 55) and texts of the codex kept in the LMAVB archives allow us to conclude that it is a translation made by S. Chizhinski during his service in Posol'skii prikaz (Moscow) in 1678-1681. Based on all the defined characteristics, as well as the unfinished appearance of the book and the variety of paper used, it may be concluded that it is a transcription meant for the diplomatic needs of Posol'skii prikaz rather than for the personal library of the Tsar. Efforts to find any evidence of the discussed Selenographia translation in the history of astronomy and book history in Lithuania were unsuccessful. It was not possible to clarify the history of the function of the codex as well. Nonetheless, the history of this book focuses one's attention to another little-studied topic in Lithuania - the connections of literature and book culture in the 17th century that bridge the GDL and the Tsardom of Russia. To sum up, it may be concluded that access to new archival sources in Russia and Lithuania and a detailed chemical analysis of materials making up the codex (the ink in particular) would affirm or deny the conclusions reached in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with the performative memory of a city, namely modern Vilnius, the capital of the Republic of Lithuania. The difficult past of Vilnius that is shared by other eastern and central European cities and is marked by the bitter legacy of the “city of changed blood” (Pl. “miasto o wymienionej krwi”, a notion introduced by M. Lewicka) has been subjected to a number of changes effected by modernity and dynamic Europeanization at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The confrontation between the past and modernity has resulted in serious social and national problems (e.g. Polish–Lithuanian relations) dating to the early as well as the most recent history of Lithuania and its capital. Having experienced various totalitarian regimes, Vilnius is an interesting example of the redefining of the memory of the space of a city at a time of a changing political system; it is also an example of the establishing of a hierarchy of new values and symbols. Vilnius is also a cultural hybrid resulting from long-lasting transgressions. However, a comprehensive account of its history still remains utopian. Drawing on the #skaitomevilniu (‘We read Vilnius’) project that was carried out in Vilnius in 2016–2017 and which adopted a performative perspective, the author of the present study attempts to describe a city that is constantly becoming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper refers to a coins hoard discovered in Blăjani, Buzău County in July 2015, which contains 49 Polish silver coins struck between 1538 and 1605, and one Russian, from the late 18th century. 49 of pieces from this hoard are coins struck by polish kings for the Crown, Lithuania, Riga and Gdansk. Among them, we have: two pieces of 6 groats struck by Sigismund III Vasa (1587-1632) in Malbork mint (1596 and 1599), one coin, which is the oldest piece from this hoard, of 3 groats (trojak) struck in 1538 by Sigismund I (1506-1548) for the city of Gdansk, three pieces of 3 groats struck by ȘtefanBáthory (1575-1586)for Lithuania and two for city of Riga, and 41 pieces of 3 groats struck by Sigismund III Vasa (26 for the Crown, five for Lithuania, and ten for the city of Riga). About the last issuer, we can mention that the coins for the Crown were struck in mints of Bydgoszcz, Wschowa, Krakow, Lublin, Malbork, Olkusz, and Poznań between the years 1593 and 1605. The intensive use of the polish coins of three and six groats, most issued prior to reforms from the beginning of the seventeenth century, found in hoards after a long period from their struck, shows their quality, being preferred for retention instead of contemporary silver pieces, most part of these being struck in the Ottoman Empire. We have here and a Russian silver coin, of 15 kopecks, struck by Empress Catherine the Great (1762-1796) in the Moscow mint between 1770 and 1775, its presence being here, obviously, a coincidence. Thus, we consider that most probable the hoard was buried in the context of the resumption of the Ottoman military pressure in this area, after the ending of peace between Holy League (1591-16016) and the Ottoman Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the internal political situation within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years 1769-1771, a period critical to precipitating Poland's first partition by Austria, Prussia and Russia in 1772. The author does not downplay the impact the Confederacy of Bar and its accepted cause-and-effect linkage(s) with the First Partition. Using previously under-utilized Russian sources, however, he examines other international aspects (French, Prussian, Russian) that also contributed to Poland's eventual partition. Although these factors do not greatly alter accepted historical opinion with respect to the Confederacy of Bar and its impact upon the fate of Poland in 1772, this article further broadens the understanding of the events leading up to the nation's partition. [ABSTRACT FROM CONTRIBUTOR]

Copyright of Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis is the property of Klaipeda University, Institute of Baltic Region History & Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis is the property of Klaipeda University, Institute of Baltic Region History & Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)