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The exploitation and utilization of iron ore is the basis of the development of iron and steel industry. The process mineralogy of a middle and low grade magneitte ore in Liberia, West Africa was studied by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and Held emission scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the TFe grade of the raw ore was 42.25%. The iron mainly existed in the form magnetite and pyrite. In add-on the distribution ratio of magnetite and pyrite in the iron ore was 52.92% and 4.66% respectively. Gangue minerals were mainly diopside, biotite, anorthite and so on. Magnetite existed mainly in granular, polygonal, irregular, flaky, and grid shapes. Part of magnetite grains were internally wrapped with amorphous diopside, the other part of magnetite grains were interconnected with calcium feldspar. Magnetite was distributed in the form of medium to tine particles, with particle sizes mainly distributed between 12 to 20 µm interval. Therefore, a process consisting of two stages of grinding, one stage of roughing and two stages of cleaning was adopted. An iron concentrate with TFe grade of 68.43%, TFe recovery of 91.14%, and mFe grade of 67.31% was obtained, which provides a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of the medium and low grade iron ore in West Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]