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Enhancement of coalbed methane (CBM) production by adding microbes or stimulating indigenous microbes within coalbeds is a promising method. Current research focuses on the study of mixed cultures for improving gas production. However, the application of single purified microbes has only attracted limited attention. In the present work, an acetogenic bacterium, Clostridium sp. was used to treat Tiefa anthracite from Liaoning Province, China. During the treatment, the changes of cell concentration and pH in the treatment solution, mineral components, porosity, surface area, surficial morphology, and permeability of the coal were analyzed. The results showed that pH decreased during the treatment of anthracite by the acetogen. The distance of the carbon layers the coal increased, while the number of aromatic layers (Nc), the packing degree (Lc), and elongation (La) decreased after treatment with the bacterium. Furthermore, compared with the raw coal, the permeability and pore volume increased, which might be improved by the further development of macropores. The present work revealed that acetogenic bacteria Clostridium sp. could change the physical properties of Tiefa anthracite by increasing its permeability and porosity. It offers an alternative method to promote in situ coalbed methane development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of different types of woody forages for fattening Liaoning cashmere goats. 24 both cashmere and meat strain of Liaoning cashmere female goats [2.5 years old and average body weight (43.41±1.76 kg)] were randomly divided into four groups, with six goats in each group. Group 1 was the control, and the others were feeding with 10% Vitex, Caragana microphylla and oak leaves. The experimental period was 75 d. The results showed that the crude protein content of Vitex was significantly lower than that of Caragana microphylla and oak leaves (P<0.05), the crude fat content of Vitex was extremely lower than that of Caragana microphylla and oak leaves (P<0.01), the crude fiber and acid detergent fiber content of Vitex was significantly higher than that of oak leaves ( P<0.05), the calcium content in the oak leaves was extremely higher than that of Vitex and Caragana microphylla (P<0.01), and the content of phosphorus in the oak leaves was significantly higher than that of Vitex (P<0.05). The daily weight gain in group 2~4 was extremely higher than that of group 1 (P<0.01), the feed to gain ratio in group 4 was significantly lower than that of group 1 (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of crude protein in group 4 was significantly higher than that in group 1 (P<0.05), and the apparent digestibility of crude fat was significantly higher than that in group 2 (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of crude fiber in group 4 was significantly higher than that in group 1 ( P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was significantly higher than that in group 2 (P<0.05). Using 10% Vitex, Caragana microphyllaand oak leaves could decrease the cost of ration and increase profiting of ?0.37~0.66 each goat in one day. The study indicates that Vitex, Caragana microphyllaand oak leaves could be used substituting other herbage to get better growth performance, digestibility and economic benefit, and in which oak leave was the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]