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Ancient architectural wood components were evaluated in terms of mechanical properties, material color expression, ultrasonic shape, chemical components, and deformation of shape and position by comparing them with new red pine materials. The results showed that the deterioration of the surface material properties of wood components was very serious, mainly caused by weathering. The attenuation degree of the inner layer of the wood component was relatively low, and the color change of the wood was obvious, which was mainly caused by fungi. Ultrasonic nondestructive testing technology was used to detect the internal damage of ancient wood components. According to the test results, it was speculated that the root defects of pillar components were serious. Three components of wood after long-term weathering changed significantly, and lignin had been seriously damaged. This damage was reflected in the degradation of the number of aromatic groups and the changes in the nature of the group. The main wood beams in the main halls of the three yards were bent at 0 mm offset scale and unit offsets of the pillars of the four courtyards were within the safe range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]