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In the recent years Green to Green Energy Systems have gain tremendous interest because they are pollution free systems. In this frame, the present paper aims at investigating a Green to Green system coupling Photovoltaic, Wind and Fuel Cell. Furthermore, an analysis procedure is developed allowing to find the optimal configuration of coupling by assessing the output power in terms of the system parameters. Moreover, a case study on Lebanon is considered where three different regions that are Dahr El-Baidar, Klaiaat Akkar and Rayak Bekaa are studied. Results shows the flexibility and strength of the suggested procedure. Indeed, it has been shown that for Dahr El-Baidar it is suggested to adopt WFC system whereas for Klaiaat Akkar hybrid PVWFC is the optimal solution and PVFC is better for Rayak Bekaa. Furthermore, an economic based optimization is carried out. It was surprisingly found that from an economic standpoint and for a land area larger than 3000 m2 Rayak Bekaa is the optimal location for WFC hybrid system. • The work is performed within the frame of Green to Green (G2G) concept that combines green source to green storage. • Green sources are PV and Wind Turbine whereas the green storage system is fuel cell. • The developed model is applied to three different regions in Lebanon in order to find the best configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work concerns parametric analysis and case study of the performance of a newly suggested Multi Drain Heat Recovery System (MDHRS) that uses the relatively hot water of different drain sources such as the shower, the dish washer, the washing machine, and the sink simultaneously to heat/preheat residential cold water. To proceed, an appropriate thermal modeling along with its associated in-house code are developed. The heat rate error between numerical and experimental results is always below 14.2% for different inlet cold water temperatures and for different cold and hot water flow rates. The parametric analysis performed treated the effect of the hot and cold water inlet temperatures and flow rates on the performance of the system and allowed to raise practical recommendations in terms of application of the suggested concept. In the case study presented, the monthly amount of energy reduced, the monthly amount of money saved and the monthly amount of CO 2 emissions reduction are considered. It was shown that when the heat exchanger length increases from 0.2 m to 1 m, the monthly amount of reduced energy increases from 102.2 kWh to 410.9 kWh, the monthly amount of money saved increases from 13.3 $ to 53.4 $ and the monthly amount of emissions reduction increases from 72.5 kg to 291.7 kg for a drain water temperature of 25 °C for the case of Lebanon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most challenging issues in the domain of renewable energy is the instability of produced power. To put it another way, renewable resources such as solar energy cannot provide continuous energy supply because they rely on natural phenomena that vary randomly. That said, to cover the potential lack of energy that may occur, hybrid renewable energy system can be adopted. In other terms, instead of using single renewable energy source, two different sources can be utilized in order to optimize the output power all over the year. Furthermore, complementary energy system is needed along with renewable sources, to store energy and insure the supply during shortage period. With this in mind, a Green-Green energy system can be constructed by using green storage system such as Fuel Cell to be coupled with the renewable sources. In the light of green-green energy concept, the present paper examines a triple wind-solar-fuel cell combination in the aim of overcoming the energy shortage that occurs during several months of the year. A case study on the region of Dahr Al-Baidar in Lebanon is conducted to present the advantage of the proposed system. Results show that combining wind energy system with thermal solar system allows overcoming the low power produced by solar thermal system especially in winter. For illustration 16 kW are produced by wind turbine during the month of January, by contrast the thermal solar system provides 2 kW during the same period. Nevertheless, in June thermal solar offers 17 kW and wind turbine produces 11 kW. • A smart hybrid system, combining fuel cell, wind turbine and thermal solar system is presented. • The proposed system allows maximizing the yearly produced energy by optimizing the supplied power at each period of the year. • A case study on the region of Daher Elbaidar in the east of Lebanon is considered. • The concept can be seen as a securing strategy against intermittent aspect of renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new thermal modeling of PTPVT along with an associated iterative procedure are developed. • Case studies are performed on three countries of different climates. • The highest achieved outlet temperature among the three cases is 95 °C in Lebanon. • The highest thermal efficiency is attained in UAE (51.1%). • The highest electrical efficiency is 27.9% in France. This work concerns a new thermal modeling for parabolic trough photovoltaic/thermal hybrid system along with case studies. A new thermal modeling using resistance analogy is conducted on the system, compared and validated against previous works. Case studies are performed on three countries of different climates which are Lebanon (mild climate), France (cold climate) and United Arab Emirates (warm climate) in order to study the electrical and thermal performance of the system. Results reveal that the highest achieved outlet temperature among the three cases is 95 °C in Lebanon, while the highest thermal efficiency is attained in United Arab Emirates (51.1%), and the highest electrical efficiency is 27.9% in France. Besides, environmental and economic analyses are carried out for each country to shed light on the significance of the studied system. It is observed that the payback period in Lebanon, France and United Arab Emirates is 1.4 years, 1.6 years and 1.7 years respectively, while the annual amount of alleviated carbon dioxide emissions is 72.9 t, 5.1 t and 71.1 t respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]