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Criminology is fraught with problems of the globalized world and the major difficulty in initiating a study on the subject, is to establish a critical aspect that allows it. It is estimated that two approaches can be analytical like the situation and penal law, prison and if criminology is a science with its own methodology and its relationship with other disciplines [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of social-cultural relations that define the creation of the contemporary literary field has been barely explored in relation to the new statute of the professional writer in the cultural industry that started to develop in the mid-19th century. The construction of a scene of social-cultural action implies the search for dynamic agents, for scenes of action that contribute to the institutionalization of exchanges between their members, and means of transmission that assure the survival of their contents. The editorial projects are able to articulate this communication circuit, most of all when they pursue the formation of citizens for a model of society participating in the civil administration. The study of some correspondence, such as that of writer and politician Victor Balaguer and unorthodox editor Salvador Mañero, allows the advancement in knowledge with respect to the business and political-cultural management of the world of 19th century Letters and the consolidation of networks for the diffusion of a Democratic Republican thought in the Hispanic community. [TRANSLATION]

In this article the authors analyzed the integration process in Asian and Latin America countries in the last decades, empathizing that such process, are essentially different, because as historic fact as economic and political and cultural facts. Whereas Latin America region, ballast load, because to its colonial heritage from Spain and ankylosed rules system, in Asia region, the countries, equally its heritage of the European countries but its moderns system of rules, its process of integration between themselves and to international economy explain its different results. Also, actually both regions are converging in the international process of economic integration, particularly in the Asia Pacific Cooperation where the most important countries of such region, search passing its relations to other level of to understanding, so that must leave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past twenty years the most important international NGOs have changed their behavior with regard to their work in Latin America. Their new approach can be qualified as "transnational" as: (1) they are becoming incorporated in the countries where they operate, (2) they directly execute a growing portion of their programs and projects, (3) they are becoming expensive intermediaries for external funding and (4) they directly compete against national NGOs for international and local funding. The consequences of this new approach are negative for the Latin-American environmental movement as: (1) it establishes a disproportionate competition to obtain funding, (2) it is the cause of a significant erosion of the funding for environment as a consequence of useless intermediation and, (3) it is weakening national NGOs. It is established that national NGOs are also responsible for the current situation as they were unable neither to keep their political autonomy nor to collect enough local funding as to maintain essential administrative independence. Several recommendations are proposed to contribute to the solution of the identified problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]