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Se analiza aquí cómo la salida de IED desde países emergentes afecta a las exportaciones de los países inversionistas. Se utilizan efectos fijos y aleatorios sobre datos desequilibrados procedentes de 64 países en desarrollo entre 1990 y 2019. Los resultados muestran que la salida de IED mejora considerablemente el desempeño de las exportaciones en los países en desarrollo. Existe un impacto adicional de la salida de IED sobre las exportaciones de los países emergentes con ingresos medianos y medianos-altos. Los resultados a nivel regional muestran que este impacto adicional es mayor en Asia y el Pacífico que en otras regiones en desarrollo. Al contrario, en América Latina y el Caribe la salida de IED sustituye las exportaciones nacionales y la contribución regional a la salida de IED total mundial es menor y más variable que en otras regiones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objectives: The knowledge generated by scientific research is linked to the development of countries, as it provides the necessary resources to guarantee scientific progress and cost-effective healthcare. For this reason, our study analyzes the trends of scientific publication in urology in Latin America., Methods: A bibliometric analysis was performed. Data collection was carried out using the SCOPUS search engine in April 2023, and the search terms were defined by the authors, including the most common diseases in the specialty of urology. A descriptive analysis of the different characteristics, trends and scientific collaborations was performed. The collaboration networks were plotted using VOSviewer., Results: From 2000 to 2021, Latin American publications in urology amounted to 9135 in scientific journals. Brazil is the country with the greatest scientific production (51.2%) and Chile has the greatest scientific production per million inhabitants. Of the total number of scientific publications, 51.1% were related to prostate cancer, 88.8% were written in English (and 50.2% had non-open access). The country with greatest collaborative research with Latin America was the United States., Conclusions: Scientific output in urology in Latin America has increased substantially over the last 20 years. The most published topic is prostate cancer, most papers are written in English, and the United States takes first place regarding scientific collaboration. However, the proportion of the world's science originated in Latin America is still low and depends on Brazil., (Copyright © 2024 AEU. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia, Tecnologia y Sociedad is the property of Centro de Estudios sobre Ciencia, Desarrollo y Educacion Superior and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ecos de Economía is the property of Universidad EAFIT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Si bien el Protocolo de Kyoto proporcionó un marco para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de las naciones industrializadas, las actuales negociaciones sobre cambio climático anticipan futuros compromisos de los principales emisores de carbono entre los países en desarrollo. Se utiliza aquí una versión actualizada del modelo de equilibrio general del Proyecto de Análisis del Comercio Global (gtap-e) para analizar los efectos económicos de la reducción de las emisiones de carbono bajo diferentes hipótesis de comercio de derechos de emisión. La participación de países en desarrollo como China y la India reduciría los costos de ese comercio. Las repercusiones en América Latina varían si se trata de un país exportador o importador de energía y si se reducen o no las emisiones estadounidenses. Los efectos en el bienestar podrían ser negativos según el sistema de comercio de derechos adoptado y los socios comerciales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Bank is an important external funder of health aid to developing countries. However, many accounts of health sector change and reform do not account for the role that international financial institutions may play in these policy changes. In this paper, I review the World Bank's health policies since 1975, discussing its changing role and policies for developing countries' health policies. I then summarize the existing empirical evidence for the effect of the World Bank in developing countries' health sectors, focusing on Latin American countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Administración is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Internacionales is the property of Instituto de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la dinámica económica de un grupo de países de América Latina durante el período 1955-2003. Para ello se introduce un concepto alternativo de desempeño económico basado en la noción de regímenes dinámicos. Estos regímenes están definidos por las tasas de crecimiento y los niveles del producto interno bruto (PIB) per cápita. Mediante la introducción de un método no paramétrico de clusters se pueden detectar principalmente dos grupos de desempeño cuya evolución es estudiada. Uno de ellos, identificado como el grupo de países con alto desempeño, muestra una estructura relativamente homogénea. Al contrario, el segundo grupo presenta una alta dispersión en sus desempeños, sugiriendo la existencia de subclusters y cierta divergencia entre ellos. Además, se advierte que hay movilidad entre los grupos de bajo y alto desempeño, y que la distancia entre clusters se incrementa en el tiempo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En este ensayo se sostiene que si bien se ha superado la iliquidez total que caracterizó la fase más severa de la crisis financiera desatada en septiembre de 2008, el crédito y la actividad productiva de los países industrializados se están contrayendo aceleradamente y el sistema financiero sigue descapitalizado. De los canales externos de transmisión de la crisis hacia América Latina, la disminución de las remesas es el menos importante. Los efectos negativos más generalizados serán la caída del volumen de comercio internacional y el marcado deterioro de los términos de intercambio de los productos básicos. Además, queda por delante una etapa de financiamiento externo privado muy restringido. Las economías de la región llegan a la crisis con mayor fortaleza que en el pasado, vinculada fundamentalmente al menor endeudamiento público externo y al elevado nivel de reservas internacionales, pero ella solo servirá para mitigar en parte las repercusiones de la peor coyuntura económica mundial desde la gran depresión de los años treinta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The World Trade Organization's Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement establishes minimum standards for intellectual property rights, including patent protection for pharmaceuticals; therefore, it may make it difficult for developing countries to gain access to medicines, especially those countries that are the least developed. This study aims to determine whether implementation of the TRIPS Agreement in Latin American and Caribbean countries has generated patent legislation that is sensitive to public health needs. Methods Legislation in 11 Latin American and Caribbean countries was analysed. The variables considered in the analysis were: the term of patents issued, patentable subject matter, transition periods (that is, time until legislation was enacted), reversal of the burden of proof of patent infringement, exhaustion of rights, compulsory licensing and the early working exception (which allows a country to complete all procedures necessary to register a generic product before the original patent expires). Findings By 2000, all of the countries studied had reformed their legislation to conform to the agreement. Brazil and Argentina used the transition period until 2005 to grant patents in the pharmaceutical industry. All countries, except Panama, made use of the safeguards and flexibilities available through the agreement by including mechanisms for compulsory licensing in their legislation. Argentina; Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela (countries that represented the Andean community); the Dominican Republic; and Panama included mechanisms to allow parallel importation. Mexico did not. Brazil only permits parallel importation after a compulsory licence has been issued. The early working exception is included in legislation in Brazil and the Dominican Republic. Conclusion The countries in this study did not incorporate all of the mechanisms allowed for by the Agreement and are not adequately using the provisions that enable World Trade Organization (WTO) members to obtain better health for the public, particularly in regard to gaining access to medicines. This situation may deteriorate in future if other agreements establish more restrictive rules for intellectual property rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]