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Copyright of Revista de Investigación en Salud VIVE is the property of Revista de Investigacion en Salud VIVE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rooted in medieval juridical thinking, early modern legal culture saw community's law as the expression of an underlying order of things, something defined not by the willing agreement of the parts that constituted the community, but rather by nature and nurture. For the Iberian world, this belief was expressed in the idea of the 'señorío natural', which according to legal doctrine was a bond that linked subjects to the land where they were born and subjected them to a common jurisdiction (Hespanha, Uncommon Laws). Communities and all kinds of corporate bodies thus also had a natural origin, which points to an intertwinement, and not a contradiction, between nature and different kinds of collective bodies. These bodies--corporations, guilds, communities, families, and so on--were the basis for the assignment of rights, obligations, privileges, and duties, but also for the distribution of access to land. This article seeks to reframe ownership and property within this framework as a way of rethinking the ways in which communities defined their relations to land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín de Filología is the property of Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ecoepidemiological scenarios for Chagas disease transmission are complex, so vector control measures to decrease human–vector contact and prevent infection transmission are difficult to implement in all geographic contexts. This study assessed the geographic abundance patterns of two vector species of Chagas disease: Triatoma maculata (Erichson, 1848) and Rhodnius pallescens (Barber, 1932) in Latin America. We modeled their potential distribution using the maximum entropy algorithm implemented in Maxent and calculated distances to their niche centroid by fitting a minimum-volume ellipsoid. In addition, to determine which method would accurately explain geographic abundance patterns, we compared the correlation between population abundance and the distance to the ecological niche centroid (DNC) and between population abundance and Maxent environmental suitability. The potential distribution estimated for T. maculata showed that environmental suitability covers a large area, from Panama to Northern Brazil. R. pallescens showed a more restricted potential distribution, with environmental suitability covering mostly the coastal zone of Costa Rica and some areas in Nicaragua, Honduras, Belize and the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, northern Colombia, Acre, and Rondônia states in Brazil, as well as a small region of the western Brazilian Amazon. We found a negative slope in the relationship between population abundance and the DNC in both species. R. pallecens has a more extensive potential latitudinal range than previously reported, and the distribution model for T. maculata corroborates previous studies. In addition, population abundance increases according to the niche centroid proximity, indicating that population abundance is limited by the set of scenopoetic variables at coarser scales (non-interactive variables) used to determine the ecological niche. These findings might be used by public health agencies in Latin America to implement actions and support programs for disease prevention and vector control, identifying areas in which to expand entomological surveillance and maintain chemical control, in order to decrease human–vector contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Universidad & Empresa is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AstroBVI is an inclusive astronomy project funded by the International Astronomical Union Office of Astronomy for Development (IAU OAD). AstroBVI has been designed for the blind and visually impaired (BVI) community, who are often excluded from outreach and educational activities concerning visually-intensive areas of knowledge such as astronomy. In this project we aim to break down the barriers between science and ability, and to bring astronomy's beauty to a visually- impaired public, independently of gender, wealth and social status. We have created and distributed educational kits composed of 3D tactile maps of galaxies accompanied by a manual and multimedia material in Spanish and Portuguese. Our kit has been mainly distributed to Latin American countries, where we have created a community of AstroBVI teachers. We present the project and highlight some of the activities carried out by this community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the objective of providing an insightful analysis of Chagas disease in the world, the authors share their collective reflections about the current situation of this public health problem in: rural environments of Latin America; urban environments of endemic and non-endemic areas everywhere; and, at a global level. A perspective based on the 'Democracy and Health Promotion' axis allowed the development of an innovative update about Chagas disease as a model of a complex socio-environmental health problem, with a key set of elements that goes beyond biomedical aspects. The authors created a dialogue between the fundamental elements of the Curitiba Statement on Health Promotion and Equity and crucial aspects of a reflection on the reality of Chagas disease today that at the same time challenges the different actors involved. With that reference, the call to promote a 'critical analysis of viabilities and opportunities for action, considering the potentialities and barriers imposed by the complexity of social movements in the present context of recedes and the loss of rights' was emphasized repeatedly. Finally, on the occasion of the recent creation of the Technical Group on Information, Education and Communication to control Chagas disease, WHO Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, the authors share reflections to propose an inclusive and transformative approach of health promotion—what we hope is a new horizon for people affected, directly and indirectly, by Chagas disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing constitutional recognition of indigenous justice systems in Latin America has been widely celebrated as a breakthrough in fulfilling international standards regarding the rights of indigenous peoples. Although being positive, celebration cannot hide the fact that such recognition is made from a particular legal culture, with its own legal language and structure, not necessarily according with the legal culture of the diverse indigenous communities. Looking through the glasses of the Epistemologies of the South, we might perceive invisibilized challenges within the recognition process and related to the imbalance of power between State and indigenous peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ensayos - Revista de Economía is the property of Ensayos Revista de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

David Bowie doesn’t matter very much. That seems like a bizarre remark, particularly in a special issue dedicated to the opposite view. But in Latin America, he is of minimal importance by contrast with other prominent English-language pop-music exports that journal readers will know, such as The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Smiths or The Cure. How can this be true of an artist who is routinely labelled a world icon? Our paper identifies several reasons: nation-building and rock music’s first steps in Latin America, progressive cultural politics, conservative gender norms and a continent dominated by dictatorships when Bowie was becoming a putative ‘world icon’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: To evaluate whether menopausal status and symptoms among female gynecologists would influence their clinical behavior related to menopausal hormone therapy (MHT).Methods: Female gynecologists of 11 Latin American countries were requested to fill out the Menopause Rating Scale and a questionnaire containing personal information and that related to MHT use.Results: A total of 818 gynecologists accepted to participate (86.4%). Overall, the mean age was 45.0 ± 10.7 years, 32.2% were postmenopausal, and 17.6% worked in an academic position; 81.8% reported that they would use MHT if they have symptoms, regardless of menopausal status. Academic gynecologists favor personal MHT use at a higher rate (p = 0.04) and have a higher MHT prescription rate as compared to non-academic ones (p = 0.0001). The same trend was observed among post- as compared to premenopausal ones (p = 0.01) and among those who had hysterectomy alone as compared to those experiencing natural menopause (p = 0.002). The presence of menopausal symptoms did not influence their MHT prescription. Current use of MHT and alternative therapy was higher among post- than premenopausal gynecologists (both, p = 0.0001) and among those who had undergone hysterectomy than those experiencing natural menopause. A 38.5% perceived breast cancer as the main risk related to MHT, and a high proportion prescribed non-hormonal drugs (86.4%) or alternative therapies (84.5%).Conclusion: Most female gynecologists in this survey would use MHT if menopausal symptoms were present. Postmenopausal physicians use MHT and prescribe it to their symptomatic patients at a higher rate than premenopausal physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudos Ibero-Americanos is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Gerenciales is the property of Universidad ICESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of IBEROAMERICANA. América Latina - España - Portugal is the property of Vervuert Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This chapter presents a synthesis of the conceptualization and practice of institutional research (IR) in higher education (HE) in emerging countries across Southern Africa, Latin America and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions. The chapter contextualizes the growing need for IR in these regions, identifies problems and challenges related to the implementation of IR at system and institutional levels, and offers some reflections about the future of IR in these regions. The chapter argues that the homogenizing effect of globalization makes IR practices very much alike across regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the relationship between international real exchange rates and interest rate levels set by the Colombian central bank during the period 2001-2011. The author comments on the implementation of Colombia's inflation targeting monetary policy and estimates the Colombian central bank's reaction function using a discrete choice model.

Copyright of Polis (07176554) is the property of Polis - Revista Academica Universidad Bolivariana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the use of testimonio, a Latin American literary genre, as a way to expand the understanding of language arts. It shows how testimonio continues the projects of critical pedagogies that stem from the body of knowledge about young children in the classroom. The author shares her story about language and literacy as a first-generation immigrant from Nicaragua and a bilingual teacher in Texas by utilizing testimonio.

Copyright of Polis (07176554) is the property of Polis - Revista Academica Universidad Bolivariana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the incidence of social spending and taxation by income quintile for seven Latin American countries, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Absolute levels of social spending in Latin America are fairly flat across income quintiles, a pattern similar to that in the United States and differing from the more progressive pattern of spending in the United Kingdom. The structure of taxation in Latin America is also similar to that of the United States. Because of high income inequality in Latin America and the US, the rich bear of most the burden, whereas the United Kingdom taxes the middle class to a greater extent. The analysis suggests that many Latin American countries are trapped in a vicious cycle in which the rich resist the expansion of the welfare state (because they bear most of its tax burden without receiving commensurate benefits), and their opposition to its expansion in turn maintains long-term inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an overview of the changing meanings attributed to the term "development" in Latin American social sciences from the end of World War II to 2000. It points to four main usages: economic growth, social and economic development, sustainable development, and human development. While the first two predominated until the early 1970s, culminating in the idea of "national development," from the early 1990s, the other two began to take shape to characterize some of the scientific community's most urgent ethical concerns and action-oriented discourse until the end of the century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrethroids are commonly used as mosquito adulticides and evolution of resistance to these compounds is a major threat to public health. ‘Knockdown resistance’ to pyrethroids (kdr) is frequently caused by nonsynonymous mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel transmembrane protein (para) that reduce pyrethroid binding. Early detection of kdr is critical to the development of resistance management strategies in mosquitoes including Aedes aegypti, the most prevalent vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses. Brengues et al. described seven novel mutations in hydrophobic segment 6 of domain II of para in Ae. aegypti. Assays on larvae from strains bearing these mutations indicated reduced nerve sensitivity to permethrin inhibition. Two of these occurred in codons Iso1011 and Val1016 in exons 20 and 21 respectively. A transition in the third position of Iso1011 encoded a Met1011 replacement and a transversion in the second position of Val1016 encoded a Gly1016 replacement. We have screened this same region in 1318 mosquitoes in 32 additional strains; 30 from throughout Latin America. While the Gly1016 allele was never detected in Latin America, we found two new mutations in these same codons. A transition in the first position of codon 1011 encodes a Val replacement while a transition in the first position of codon 1016 encodes an Iso replacement. We developed PCR assays for these four mutations that can be read either on an agarose gel or as a melting curve. Selection experiments, one with deltamethrin on a field strain from Santiago de Cuba and another with permethrin on a strain from Isla Mujeres, Mexico rapidly increased the frequency of the Iso1016 allele. Bioassays of F3 offspring arising from permethrin susceptible Val1016 homozygous parents and permethrin resistant Iso1016 homozygous parents show that Iso1016 segregates as a recessive allele in conferring kdr. Analysis of segregation between alleles at the 1011 and 1016 codons in the F3 showed a high rate of recombination even though the two codons are only separated by a ~250 bp intron. The tools and information presented provide a means for early detection and characterization of kdr that is critical to the development of strategies for resistance management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sees informality in Latin America as a reflection of dysfunctional interactions between individuals and the State and of the latter's inability to perform adequately in regard to redistribution and the provision of public goods and services. This translates into low rates of social security contribution and coverage; pervasive evasion of tax, labour and business regulations; and low levels of tax collection, law enforcement and trust in the State. The challenge for these countries, the authors argue, is to build more inclusive social contracts underpinned by realistic domestic consensus, taking account of country-specific institutional backgrounds and prevailing social norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los autores estiman que la economía informal latinoamericana es un reflejo de unas relaciones disfuncionales entre los individuos y el Estado y de la incapacidad de éste de actuar eficazmente en las esferas de la redistribución y la provisión de bienes y servicios públicos. Ello se traduce en unos índices modestos de cotizaciones y de cobertura de la seguridad social; en una elusión general de las leyes tributarias, laborales y mercantiles, y en unos niveles bajos de recaudación tributaria, de imperio del derecho y de confianza en el Estado. El reto que encara cada uno de los países latinoamericanos es forjar un contrato social más incluyente, asentado en un consenso nacional realista y que se amolde a las características institucionales propias y a las reglas sociales vigentes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's security and stability requires a call for a coordinated and cooperative multilateral application of national civilian and military instruments of power. The main objective of this article is demonstrated that the use of institutional confidence- and security-building measures (CSBM) is a fundamental tool seeking for security cooperation. Defense establishments in Latin America, particularly in the Andean ridge region, have been impacted by among other things four major elements: democracy, market economy, technology and the strategic environment in a global system characterized by speed and connectivity of developments. These circumstances demand a new cooperative security architecture that could provide opportunities to improve the ways and means to respond to those threats and challenges. However, CSBM is a fundamental instrument to achieve this security cooperation required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extends the debates about same-sex marriage by focusing on the situation in Argentina, and in Latin America generally. Ways in which lesbians and gay men in Argentina deal with their exclusion from the marriage institution; Economic and political arguments for same-sex marriage in Latin America.

Editorial. Explores the future of neuroscience in Latin America. Contributions that advance the understanding of neurobiology; Increase in the number of publications in Latin America; Impact of the Latin American science; Problems leading to the poor standing of Latin American science.

The University of Arizona was awarded an International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups (ICBG) Program in 1993 for research into drug discovery from arid-adapted plants, biodiversity conservation and economic development in Latin America. The second phase of this program, initiated in 1998, will add the study of endophytic microorganisms as potential sources of new drugs. While biodiversity from arid lands is well known to produce a vast array of natural products as defensive agents and poisons, they have received much less attention than plants and microorganisms from the tropical rainforests as potential sources of useful biological agents. This experimental effort, funded by the U.S. government, is done in cooperation with universities and research institutions from the U.S.A., Argentina, Chile and Mexico, and U.S. pharmaceutical and agrochemical corporations. Detailed intellectual property agreements were fully executed among the participants defining work and funding commitments, ownership of materials, licensing rights and distribution of potential benefits. The collaborative model for bioprospecting employed in this ICBG has been studied with great enthusiasm by institutions developing access and benefit-sharing policies in Chile, Argentina, Mexico and other countries. Capacity building has been done to support the research and conservation efforts of the overall project by building laboratory infrastructure and information handling capabilities, and by promoting exchange of resources, information and ideas through formal links between the collaborating institutions. We currently summarize the goals, accomplishments, challenges, problems, and solutions encountered in the first five years of this ICBG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La utilización de las venas de la fosa cubital cada día es más frecuente y su manejo inadecuado puede generar complicaciones importantes para el paciente. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal de los patrones venosos superficiales de 100 personas de ambos sexos provenientes de varias regiones del país; usando la clasificación propuesta por Del Sol et al. Tipo I: La vena cefálica (VC) se divide en vena intermedia basílica (VIB) y vena intermedia cefálica (VIC), uniéndose a la vena basílica (VB) y vena cefálica accesoria (VCA) respectivamente. La vena intemedia basílica (VIB) era de mayor calibre y la vena intermedia del antebrazo (VIA) drenaba generalmente en la VB. Tipo II: la VC origina la vena intermedia del codo (VICo), que se une a la VB; no existe VCA, siendo la VICo de mayor calibre y la VIA drena en la VB. Tipo III: no existe comunicación entre la VB y la VC a nivel de la fosa cubital; la VIA drena en la VB. Tipo IV: la VC drena en la VB y la VIA drena en la VC. Tipo V: clásica M en donde la VIA se divide en una rama que se une a la VC (vena intermedia cefálica) y otra rama que se une a la VB (vena intermedia basílica). En mujeres el patrón tipo III se encontró en el 26% seguido del patrón I con 24% y del patrón II con 20%. En hombres y el patrón predominante fue el I con 42% seguido del II con 26%. En hombres el patrón III sólo estuvo presente en el 8%. Los valores encontrados concuerdan con la mayoría de los hallazgos en estudios latinoamericanos. Se resalta el alto porcentaje de patrón III en mujeres, en ambos miembros superiores. Se resalta su alta incidencia en el miembro superior derecho en hombres (42%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previously, the REDLINC VI study showed that the main reason for the low use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) was its low rate of prescription by doctors.Objective: To determine the use of MHT and perceived related risks among gynecologists.Methods: A self-administered and anonymous questionnaire was delivered to certified gynecologists in 11 Latin American countries.Results: A total of 2154 gynecologists were contacted, of whom 85.3% responded to the survey (n = 1837). Mean age was 48.1 ± 11.4 years; 55.5% were male, 20.3% were faculty members and 85% had a partner. Overall, 85.4% of gynecologists responded that they would use MHT if they had menopausal symptoms (81.8% in the case of female gynecologists) or prescribe it to their partner (88.2% in the case of male gynecologists; p < 0.001). Perceived risk related to MHT use (on a scale from 0 to 10) was higher among female than among male gynecologists (4.06 ± 2.09 vs. 3.83 ± 2.11, p < 0.02). The top two perceived reported risks were thromboembolism (women 33.6% vs. men 41.4%, p < 0.009) and breast cancer (women 38.5% vs. men 33.9%, p < 0.03). Overall, gynecologists reported prescribing MHT to 48.9% of their symptomatic patients (women 47.3% vs. men 50.2%, p < 0.03) and 86.8% currently prescribed non-hormonal remedies and 83.8% alternative therapies for the management of the menopause. Gynecologists who were older and academic professionals prescribed MHT more often.Conclusion: Although this Latin American survey showed that gynecologists are mostly supporters of MHT use (for themselves or their partners), this is not necessarily reflected in their clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The position and length of the vermiform appendix in humans has no constant and the data on the variations in its position are limited. Previous studies support that particular positions and very long appendix could confuse the clinical signs of appendicitis. Some authors affirm that the course of acute appendicitis is influenced by the position of the appendix. Methods: The position and length of the vermiform appendix were studied in one hundred cadaverous specimens of mestizo population from Bucaramanga - Colombia. The appendix positions were divided into six groups: pelvic, retrocaecal, preileal, postileal, subcaecal and paracecal. The position were studied in situ. The data analysis was made from Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga's Medical Faculty's Anatomy Department. Results: The predominant position was retrocaecal 41%. Also we found a high percentage of pelvic position 28%. The average length of the appendix was 7.1 cm. Conclusion: Our percentage of retrocaecal position agreement with other studies in cadaverous specimens. Some authors have reported high pelvic position especially in black population. Pelvic position in caecal appendix could generate hypogastric pain confusing the clinical symptoms principally in women. The results of these investigations are important because the variable anatomical relations are used in clinical image of acute appendicitis; furthermore this observations may encourage greater utilization of laparoscopic appendectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) as an alternative to total mastectomy (TM) in patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is not widely spread., Objective: We aimed to compare the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) between both surgical approaches in early-stage TNBC patients at 10 years., Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in TNBC female patients with stage I-IIa, treated at a single-center during the period of 2000-2014. We estimated and compared the survival rates with the Kaplan Meier and Long-rank test. Propensity scores were calculated with the generalized boosted regression model and were used in the multivariate Cox regression analysis with the covariate adjustment method., Results: We included 288 patients, 111 in the BCS vs. 177 in the TM group. The median follow-up was 102 months. Moreover, the patients in the BCS group had superior OS (85% vs. 81%, p = 0.56) and DFS (83% vs. 80%, p = 0.42) at 10 years. In the multivariate Cox analysis, BCS decreased the mortality risk (HR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.37-1.67, p = 0.538), and the locoregional or distant recurrence risk (HR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.32-1.41, p = 0.294), albeit with no statistical significance., Conclusion: BCS is a safe alternative to TM in Latin-American patients with early-stage TNBC.