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Focusing on Latin America and Africa, a review on energy access, efficient energy use, and energy efficiency of the built environment in informal settlements of developing countries is presented, providing information on energy issues such as access, consumption, distribution, services, end use, technologies, and energy efficiency. Information about the main patterns of energy use and consumption in slums is provided, and the main barriers that reduce access to modern (and more efficient) energy sources for dwellers are highlighted. This review also reveals from one side that data on energy, and in particular energy efficiency, are missing or out-dated, as well as data and information on the interaction between energy distribution companies and slums’ dwellers. Further investigations are now in progress in order to fill the gap. In particular, in cooperation with local stakeholders and utilities, workshops and surveys with interviews to people living in slums are being carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the trade policy response of Latin American governments to the rapid growth of Chinese and Indian exports in world markets. To explain more protection in sectors where a large share of imports originates in China and India, the “protection for sale” model is extended to allow for region-specific degrees of substitutability between domestic and imported varieties of a good. The results suggest that more protection toward Chinese and Indian goods can be explained by the higher substitutability of Chinese and Indian goods with domestic varieties. The data support the model, which performs better than the original protection for sale framework in explaining Latin America's structure of protection. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]