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Objective: To evaluate the NKX3.1 expression by immunohistochemistry in normal testicular parenchyma and in Sertoli cell tumours and Sertoli Leydig cell tumours of the testes and ovary. Study Design: Retrospective longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore Pakistan, from 20102021. Methodology: We used immunohistochemistry to evaluate the positivity and loss of nuclear expression of NKX3.1 in the Sertoli cell tumour (11 cases), Sertoli Leydig cell tumour (31 cases) and in normal testicular parenchyma (7 cases). Results: In our study, there were 49 cases. All the cases of benign testicular parenchyma expressed positivity with nuclear staining of NKX 3.1 in Sertoli cells. Two out of 11 Sertoli cell tumours expressed positivity with nuclear positivity of NKX 3.1 in Sertoli cell component (18.18%) and 9 of the cases showed loss of staining of NKX 3.1 (81.8%). All Sertoli Leydig cell tumours showed loss of staining of NKX 3.1. Conclusion: Nuclear expression of NKX 3.1 is seen in Sertoli cells of normal testicular parenchyma. This staining is lost in Sertoli cell tumours and Sertoli Leydig cell tumours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the conventional ways of teaching to new teaching methodologies thus finding their efficacy. It also highlights the significance of incorporating technology into teaching thereby creating a rich learning experience for students. Study Design: Cross-sectional Survey. Setting: Different Medical and Nursing Colleges and Universities of Punjab, Pakistan; Faisalabad Medical University Faisalabad, University Medical and Dental College Faisalabad, Ameer-uddin Medical College Lahore, Nishtar Medical and Dental College Multan, Shareef Medical and Dental College, Continental Medical College Lahore. Period: June 2020 to August 2020. Material & Methods: Was conducted amongst 1600 medical, dental and nursing students from various medical and dental colleges across Pakistan. A questionnaire was circulated among students after briefing them about the objective of the study. Result: Out of 1600, 816 were MBBS students, 715 were BDS and 69 were nursing students. About various teaching methods, 53% in MBBS, 56.78% in BDS and 30.43% of nursing students were aware about new teaching methodologies. Tutorials were least known by MBBS students, online classes for BDS students whereas both methods of teaching were least popular amongst nursing students. A significant percentage of students were more in favor of group discussion as an effective method of teaching. Conclusion: This study concluded that student-centered learning should be focused on and new technologies should be incorporated in order to make medical education more interactive and interesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colonization of central venous catheters increases the risk of blood stream infections and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and excess hospital costs. Objectives: To estimate frequency of central venous catheter colonization. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Microbiology Laboratory of Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore. Period: May 2018 to December 2018. Material and Methods: Total 116 specimens of central venous catheters were received in the laboratory and processed to isolate various organisms. Organisms were identified on the basis of colonial morphology, Gram staining and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was performed and results were recorded. Results: Out of total 116 specimens of central venous catheters, bacterial growth was obtained from 74.1% of central venous catheter tips. From 86 cultures yielding growth, 94 micro-organisms were isolated. The most frequent organisms isolated from central venous catheter tip culture in decreasing order of frequency were Coagulase negative staphylococci (29.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (24.5%), Candida species (23.4%), Klebsiella species (12.8%), and Acinetobacter spp. (4.3%). Drug susceptibility pattern of isolates was recorded. Conclusion: Central venous catheters can get colonized and lead to catheter related infections. Implementation of prevention programs can result in decrease in colonization rate of catheters and thus Catheter related infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lifespan of female encompasses several distinct epochs, each with characteristic hormonal, psychological and physiological changes. Women experienced a variety of symptoms after menopause. Objective: To determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression and its risk factors among post-menopausal women. Study type settings & duration: Cross-sectional study was conducted in hospitals of Lahore, and University of Lahore, Teaching Hospital, General Hospital, Services Hospital and teaching Hospital of University of Lahore from July 2019 to Sep 2019. Methodology: A total of 178 participants were enrolled in this study. A standard self-rating questionnaire Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) was used to calculate Anxiety and Depression scores. MenQOL questionnaire was used to assess the menopausal symptoms and their influence on anxiety and depression. Data was entered in SPSS version 21.0. Results: The mean age of the sample of post-menopausal women was 51.29+5.510 with a minimum age of 45 years and maximum age of 65 years. The 65 (36.5%) of respondents had score ranging borderline abnormal and 91 (51.1%) respondents had score ranging abnormal in depression domain of HADs. It was found that 64 (34.0%) were at borderline abnormal level and 98 (55.1%) had score ranging abnormal in anxiety domain of HADs. Majority of menopausal symptoms were proved the statistically significant (p-value <0.05) risk factors for anxiety and depression. Conclusion: Post-menopausal group shows significant prevalence of anxiety and depression. Menopausal symptoms are factors that contribute to anxiety and depression. There is need of counseling and implementation of coping strategies to reduce the prevalence of anxiety and depression in this group which will further prevent future medical conditions like insomnia etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To compare the shoulder pain, disability, and range of motion in diabetic and non-diabetic frozen shoulder (FS) patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2018 to June 2019 on 210 clinically diagnosed patients of FS. Study included equal number (n=105) of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and non-diabetic patients, ranging in age from 35 to 65 years. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to assemble the data from various private and government hospitals of Lahore. A plastic goniometer and shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) tool was used to extract data. Data was analyzed through SPSS v.21.0. RESULTS: In 210 patients with frozen shoulder, the mean age was 53±10.3 years & 48±9.9 years in DM & non-diabetic patients respectively (p=0.94). Frequency of male & female patients was 43 (40.95%) and 62 (59.05%) in diabetic group (n=105) & 38 (36.19%) and 67(63.81%) in non-diabetic group (n=105) respectively. Mean body mass index was 25.61±2.14 & 25.39±2.16 in diabetic & non-diabetic patients respectively (p=0.32). Mean SPADI score was 66.69±13.20 in diabetic and 63.34±15.01 in non-diabetic group (p=0.191). Regarding motion range at shoulder, mean degrees of flexion, external rotation, internal rotation and abduction were 103±23.07, 30±11.20, 34±11.970 & 101±25.55 in diabetic patients as compared to 113±29.61, 39±14.34, 40±15.77 & 109±33.80 in non-diabetic patients respectively (p=≤0.05). CONCLUSION: There is no significant difference in severity of pain and disability in diabetic & non-diabetic patients with frozen shoulder. However, range of motion was significantly better in non-diabetic patients as compared to diabetic patients having frozen shoulder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To compare fear of fall (lack of self-confidence to maintain balance during normal activity) with and without fall history among sub-acute stroke patients in Lahore, Pakistan. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2018 till January 2019 in different hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan. Sixty-six patients in age group of 40-75 years and having sub-acute stroke (stroke duration between 2-6 months) were included in the study after taking their consent. Fall Efficacy Scale- International (FES-I) questionnaire was used. RESULTS: Out of 66 subjects, 41 (62.1%) were males. Majority (n=39; 59.1%) of patients were between 50-70 years of age and 16 (24.2%) were >70 years old. Fifty (75.8%) patients had hemorrhagic stroke. Most (52/66, 78.8%) of the patients were independent/ambulatory. Thirty-six (54.5%) patients used assistive devices. Patients with history of fall were 37 (56.1%) while fear of fall was recorded in 28 (42.4%) patients. Maximum (17/37; 45.9%) patients fell in washroom, 12/37 (32.4%) in bedroom, 5/37 (12.5%) fell outside at road or pavement and 3/37 (8.1%) patients fell from stairs. Overall mean FES-I score was 29.08±5.29. Mean FES-I score in patients with history of fall was 30.38±5.55 as compared to 27.41±4.50 in patients with no fall history (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In our study, fear of fall score is significantly higher in subacute stroke patients with history of fall than in patients without history of fall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]