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• Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is beneficial for patients with mature T cell and natural killer cell neoplasms. • Cord blood transplantation (CBT) resulted in favorable outcomes with a lower risk of relapse. • CBT could be a preferred option, especially for patients with uncontrolled diseases. • Better control of lymphoma at transplantation is a key to improved outcomes. Although allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is the key strategy to cure patients with mature T and natural killer (NK) cell lymphomas/leukemia, especially those with relapsed/refractory diseases, there is no consensus strategy for donor selection. We retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of allo-HSCT in 111 patients in 15 Japanese institutions as a multi-institutional joint research project. Thirty-nine patients received bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from related donors (rBMT/rPBSCT), 37 received BMT/PBSCT from unrelated donors (uBMT/uPBSCT), and 35 received cord blood transplantation (CBT). Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) at 4 years were 42% and 34%, respectively. The cumulative incidences of relapse and nonrelapse mortality were 43% and 25%. In multivariate analysis, CBT showed comparable OS with rBMT/rPBSCT (rBMT/rPBSCT versus CBT: hazard ratio [HR], 1.63; P =.264) and better OS compared with uBMT/uPBSCT (HR, 2.99; P =.010), with a trend toward a lower relapse rate (rBMT/rPBSCT versus CBT: HR, 2.60; P =.010; uBMT/uPBSCT versus CBT: HR, 2.05; P =.082). This superiority of CBT was more definite in on-disease patients (OS: rBMT/rPBSCT versus CBT: HR, 5.52; P =.021; uBMT/uPBSCT versus CBT: HR, 6.80; P =.007). Better disease control was also strongly associated with better OS and PFS with lower relapse rate. In conclusion, allo-HSCT is beneficial for the survival of patients with mature T and NK cell lymphomas/leukemia if performed in a timely fashion. Since CBT showed favorable survival with a lower relapse risk, it could be a preferred alternative, especially in on-disease patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]