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A novel Gram-stain negative, yellow coloured, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium designated as THW-SA1(T), was isolated from lake water near Samsung apartment, Suwon, Republic of Korea. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain THW-SA1(T) belongs to the genus Novosphingobium and is closely related to Novosphingobium taihuense (97.8 %) and Novosphingobium subterraneum (97.1 %). The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain THW-SA1(T) and the most closely related type strains were found to be less than 30.0 %. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 67.5 mol%. The strain grows optimally at 25-28 °C, at pH 7.0, and in the presence of 0.5 % NaCl. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was identified as ubiquinone Q-10. The polar lipid profile comprises diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylcholine, some unidentified phospholipids and some unidentified polar lipids. Fatty acids characteristic for this genus, such as C16:1, C14:0 2-OH, C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c (summed feature 3) and C18:1 ω6c and/or C18:1 ω7c (summed feature 8) were also detected. On the basis of the phenotypic and genotypic analysis, the strain THW-SA1(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Novosphingobium, for which the name Novosphingobium aquaticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is THW-SA1(T) (=KCTC 42608(T)=CCTCC AB 2015114(T)).

A novel Gram-negative, aerobic, yellow-pigmented, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated as THG-SM1(T), was isolated from field soil collected from Suwon, South Korea. The strain was found to grow optimally at 28 °C, at pH 7.0 and in the absence of NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, strain THG-SM1(T) belongs to the genus Flavobacterium and is most closely related to Flavobacterium terrae KACC 11731(T), followed by Flavobacterium columnare KACC 11683(T) and Flavobacterium enshiense KCTC 23775(T). The DNA G+C content of the novel isolate was determined to be 38.5 mol%. In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the DNA relatedness between strain THG-SM1(T) and its closest phylogenetic neighbour F. terrae was below 50 %. Flexirubin-type pigments were found to be present. The major polar lipid and isoprenoid quinone were phosphatidylethanolamine and menaquinone 6 (MK-6), respectively. The main cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C15:1G, iso-C15:0 3OH, iso-C16:0 and iso-C15:0. The DNA-DNA hybridization result and differentiating chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characteristics showed that strain THG-SM1(T) represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium vireti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is THG-SM1(T) (=KACC 18371(T) = CCTCC AB2014312(T)).

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, and rod-shaped bacterium designated THG 07(T) was isolated from the soil of a ginseng field of Pocheon in South Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic study. Strain THG 07(T) grew optimally at 25-30°C and at pH 6.5-7.0 and in the absence of NaCl on nutrient agar. Strain THG-T17(T) displayed β-glucosidase activity that was responsible for its ability to transform ginsenoside Rb1 (one of the dominant ginsenosides of ginseng) to compound C-K. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain THG 07(T) was shown to belong to the family Sphingobacteriaceae and was related to Sphingobacterium canadense CR11(T) (98.7%), S. cladoniae No.6(T) (98.1%), S. detergens 6.2S(T) (98.0%), S. multivorum IAM14316(T) (97.9%), S. siyangense SY1(T) (97.8%) and S. thalpophilum DSM11723(T) (96.9%). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 40.6 mol%. The major menaquinone, MK-7, and major fatty acids, iso-C₁₅:₀ and C₁₆:₁ ω7c and/or ω6c, supported the affiliation of strain THG 07(T) to the genus Sphingobacterium. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain THG 07(T) and its closest phylogenetic neighbors were below 26.9%. The results of physiological and biochemical tests enabled strain THG 07(T) to be differentiated phenotypically from the recognized species of the genus Sphingobacterium. Therefore the isolate represents a novel species, for which the name Sphingobacterium ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain THG 07(T) (=KACC 14526(T)=JCM 16722(T)).

A Gram-reaction-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated THG 15(T), was isolated from soil of a field cultivated with Rhus vernicifera in Okcheon province, South Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain THG 15(T) grew optimally at 25-30 °C and at pH 7 in the absence of NaCl on nutrient agar. Strain THG 15(T) displayed β-glucosidase (aesculinase) activity that was responsible for its ability to transform ginsenoside Rb(1) (one of the dominant active components of ginseng) into compound K via Rd and F(2). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, strain THG 15(T) was shown to belong to the family Flavobacteriaceae and was most closely related to Chryseobacterium soldanellicola PSD1-4(T) (97.7 % sequence similarity), Chryseobacterium soli JS6-6(T) (97.5 %) and Chryseobacterium indoltheticum LMG 4025(T) (97.3 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 35.7 mol%. The major menaquinone was MK-6 and the major fatty acids were iso-C(15 : 0) (50.3 %), iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH (21.9 %), summed feature 4 (comprising C(16 : 1)ω7c and/or iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH; 9.5 %) and iso-C(17 : 1)ω9c (9.3 %). DNA sequence analysis and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain THG 15(T) to the genus Chryseobacterium. DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain THG 15(T) and its closest phylogenetic neighbours were <15 %. Strain THG 15(T) could be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from recognized species of the genus Chryseobacterium. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Chryseobacterium ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is THG 15(T) ( = KACC 14527(T)  = JCM 16719(T)).

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain THG 01(T), was isolated from the soil of a ginseng field in Pocheon province, South Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain THG 01(T) grew well at 25-37 °C and pH 6.0-7.5 in the absence of NaCl on nutrient agar. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity data, strain THG 01(T) was shown to belong to the family Flavobacteriaceae and was related to Flavobacterium anhuiense D3(T) (97.5 % similarity), Flavobacterium johnsoniae UW101(T) (96.8 %) and Flavobacterium denitrificans ED5(T) (96.7 %). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between the novel strain and members of other recognized species within the family Flavobacteriaceae were less than 96.7 %. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain THG 01(T) was 32.1 mol%. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data (major menaquinone was MK-6 and major fatty acids were iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(15 : 0) 3-OH and C(16 : 1)ω7c and/or C(16 : 1)ω6c ) supported the affiliation of strain THG 01(T) to the genus Flavobacterium. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments showed that DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain THG 01(T) and its closest phylogenetic neighbours were below 11 %. The results of physiological and biochemical tests enabled strain THG 01(T) to be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from recognized species of the genus Flavobacterium. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Flavobacterium ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. is proposed, with THG 01(T) ( = KACC 14525(T) = JCM 16720(T)) as the type strain.

A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium (Gsoil 485(T)) was isolated from the soil of a ginseng field located in Pocheon province in South Korea. This bacterium was characterized in order to determine its taxonomic position by using the polyphasic approach. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain Gsoil 485(T) was shown to belong to the family Nocardioidaceae and related to Nocardioides koreensis (96.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Nocardioides basaltis (96.7%), Nocardioides salarius (96.7%), and Nocardioides sediminis (96.5%). The sequence similarity with other species that had validly published names within the genus Nocardioides was less than 96.4%. Strain Gsoil 485(T) was characterized chemotaxonomically as having LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid in a cell-wall peptidoglycan, MK-8(H(4)) as the predominant menaquinone, and iso-C(16:0), C(18:1) ω9c as the major fatty acids. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 71.6 mol%. The chemotaxonomic properties and phenotypic characteristics supported the affiliation of strain Gsoil 485(T) to the genus Nocardioides. The results of both physiological and biochemical tests allowed for genotypic differentiation of strain Gsoil 485(T) from the recognized Nocardioides species. Therefore, strain Gsoil 485(T) is considered to represent the novel species, for which the name Nocardioides ginsengisegetis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain Gsoil 485(T) (KACC 14269(T) =KCTC 19469(T) =DSM 21349(T)).