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Surveillance of aquatic animal viruses in hosts and seawater is very important to control and prevent the spread of aquatic animal diseases. And also the investigations for shellfish as play role in vector or carrier species, or a candidate host are required. Primer sets for multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction were developed to simultaneously detect aquatic animal viruses (megalocytivirus and white spot syndrome virus as DNA viruses, and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, viral nervous necrosis virus [VNNV], and marine birnavirus as RNA viruses) from seawater and shellfish. The multiplex nested PCR amplified each virus specifically with a detection limit of about 10 copies of viral particles and facilitated detection of several aquatic animal viruses from seawater and shellfish. The detection rates of viruses in shellfish samples were not significantly different between areas, except for VNNV which showed much lower positive results in eastern sea area. But, several viruses co-existed in shellfish regardless of the sampling site and time. These results revealed that shellfish might accumulate several viruses over the long-term and could play a role as a bio-indicator or reservoir of viruses derived from aquatic animals. Statement of relevance This article is related to field of aquatic animal disease. In this study, we developed multiplex nested PCR assay for detection of aquatic animal viruses from seawater and shellfish. And we found several viruses co-existed in shellfish for long-term, suggesting that shellfish may act as a bio-indicator or reservoir of viruses derived from aquatic animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cell-Dyn 4000 automated hematology analyzer (CD4000) has the ability to detect malaria patients, but it remained unclear whether it could detect persistent malaria post-treatment. To investigate this, we used the CD4000 to evaluate 68 Korean patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria, and control groups of 50 patients with fever and 50 asymptomatic patients. The results from the instrument-generated scatter plot (derived by laser light depolarization) were compared with microscopy results. During the initial diagnosis, the sensitivity of the CD4000 in detecting malaria was 91.2%. On day 3 of follow-up, the CD4000 results matched those from microscopy by 96.7%. Malaria was not detected by either method beyond 14 days post-presentation. Interestingly, the atypical depolarizing events, which typify the presence of malaria in the analyzer, were highly correlated with the levels of parasitaemia in serially diluted samples of the leucocyte-depleted blood, and the CD4000 detected parasites down to the level of 288 ± 17.7 / μl. Our findings suggest that the phenomenon of atypical light depolarization could be influenced by parasitaemia levels, and be used as a screening method for P. vivax malaria patients, as well as for the therapeutic monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]