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Aims: To explore gender differences and associations between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Korean adults aged 40 years and older with diabetes. Methods: We analyzed data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2008–2012). In total, 2,576 type 2 diabetic participants, aged 40 and older, were evaluated. Seven standard retinal fundus photographs were obtained after pupil dilation in both eyes. DR was graded using the modified Airlie House classification system. Vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR) included proliferative diabetic retinopathy and clinically significant macular edema. MetS was defined according to the Joint Interim Statement, proposed in 2009, by the International Diabetes Federation and the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between MetS and its individual components with DR and VTDR. Results: After controlling for confounders, MetS was not associated with DR in men or women. Moreover, the risk for DR or VTDR did not increase with increasing MetS components. However, high waist circumference was significantly inversely associated with VTDR (adjusted odds ratio = 0.36; 95% confidence interval = 0.14–0.93) only in men. Conclusions: MetS was not associated with DR or VTDR in a Korean diabetic population. However, among MetS components, it seems that abdominal obesity was inversely associated with VTDR in Korean diabetic men [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aims: To determine whether short-term strict glycaemic control could restore incretin secretion in type 2 diabetic patients. The factors associated with incretin levels were also investigated. Methods: A meal tolerance test (MTT) was performed in eighteen poorly controlled (pDM) and fifteen well controlled (wDM) diabetic patients. Fourteen patients in the pDM group underwent follow-up MTT after strict glycaemic control. The secretions of intact glucagon-like peptide-1 (iGLP-1) and total glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (tGIP) during MTT were calculated by total and incremental area under the curve (TAUC and IAUC) values. Results: Posttreatment HbA1c level was significantly improved in the pDM group (11.2±0.9 to 7.9±0.9%). However, the secretion of incretin hormones was not increased in the posttreatment pDM group (TAUCiGLP-1, 3612±587 to 2916±405pmol/Lmin; TAUCtGIP, 9417±1099 to 8338±903pmol/Lmin). IAUCiGLP-1 was negatively correlated (r =−0.446, P =0.011) and independently associated (β =−137.2, P =0.027) with insulin resistance assessed by homeostasis model assessment. Conclusions: Incretin secretion is not restored by short-term strict glycaemic control. Decreased incretin secretion seems to develop early in the course of type 2 diabetes with increasing insulin resistance, but not to be influenced by glycaemic status. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]