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Given the importance of water quality in drinking water sources, the Korean Ministry of Environment is designing and instigating the total maximum daily load (TMDL) program for major large rivers. For the successful implementation of this program, nonpoint pollutants resulting from various land uses should be controlled. Especially, paved areas such as parking lots and bridges are stormwater intensive land uses because of their high imperviousness and high pollutant mass emissions from vehicular activity. Vehicle emissions from these paved areas include various pollutants such as heavy metals, oil, grease and particulates. This research was conducted to investigate the magnitude and nature of the stormwater emissions with the goal of quantifying stormwater pollutant concentrations and mass emission rates from a parking lot and a bridge. Two monitoring sites in Kongju city were equipped with an automatic rainfall gauge and an automatic flow meter for measuring rainfall, water quality and runoff flow. This study presents the concentration changes during storm occurrence and event mean concentrations (EMCs) in the parking lot and bridge. The first flush criteria, a new concept explaining the relationship between EMC and the first flush effect, is also suggested using dynamic EMCs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Han River is 469.7-km long and drains a 26219-km(2) watershed. The sediments in the river are highly polluted due to inputs from upstream tributaries as well as partially treated municipal wastewaters that are discharged to the river. The water quality and strategy for control are important because the river is the primary drinking water supply for the City of Seoul, as well as being a major source for irrigation and industrial water. The Jamsil submerged dam partitions the river to isolate an upstream area for drinking water, but also captures sediments. Samples from four sites were studied to determine sediment pollutant concentrations and phosphorus release rates. Phosphorus tends to desorb from sediments when the concentration of overlying water is less than 1.4 mg/l. Water column P concentrations range from 0.04 to 0.1 mg/l, which suggests that sediments will act as a P source. In a series of batch experiments, P was released at approximately 15-20 mg/m(2)week in the winter (1-5 degrees C) and as much as 90 mg/m(2)week in the summer (20-24 degrees C), and is also a function of pH and dissolved oxygen concentration. The sediment total phosphorus concentration, which averages 833 mg/kg, is evenly distributed among non-apatite-P (33%), apatite-P (32%) and residual-P (34%). An equilibrium model is proposed to describe release rate.

The Han river is 469.7 km long with 26219-km2 area watershed, and is the primary drinking water source for the 20 million people that live in Seoul, Kangwon-Do and Kyunggi-Do, Korea. Phosphorus release from sediments impacts water quality, and is endangering the beneficial use of the river. This research measures phosphorus release and predicts future releases from bottom sediments of two tributary areas (Chungpyung Lake (CPL) and Jamsil submerged dam (JSD) area in the Han river). Sediment samples were taken over a 4-year period from four points in the Jamsil dam area and from 92 points in CPL. The sediments were analyzed for total phosphorus, the form of the phosphorus and release rates under different conditions to the water column. Sediment phosphorus distribution from CPL was 3-5% adsorbed-P (Ads-P), 15-20% non-apatite-P (NAI-P), 25-30% apatite-P (A-P) and 45-57% residual-P (R-P). In the JSD area, the phosphorus distribution ranges were 1-3% Ads-P, 22-39% NAI-P, 26-40% A-P and 30-39% R-P. Laboratory experiments showed that phosphorus release rates from 60 to 80 mg/m2 week in JSD area and ranged from 25 to 40 mg/m2 week in CPL sediments.