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This study investigates the prevalence and correlates of child labour in the tribal districts. The tribal districts that now encompass the FATA region share many socioeconomic characteristics. Moreover, the FATA region was recently affected by a large scale conflict that resulted in large numbers of its inhabitants getting killed, as well as destruction of public and private infrastructure and loss of livelihoods. This also resulted in limiting access to the region. Keeping this in consideration a sample size of 427 children was selected in tribal district Mohmand, which was generalized for the whole of FATA region. Results showed that combining school with work is the most preferred activity for children. Similarly, Child schooling was second-most and full-time child labour was the third-most preferred activity for children in the study area. It was found that an increase in child age increases the child's chances of getting engaged in labour activities. Gender of children also determines their labor status. Results indicate that households prefer schooling alongside child labour for their male children and idle status for their female children. The government can address issue of child labour through transfer payment schemes, providing job opportunities and financing business programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses impact of Food for Education program on child labour incidence in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's tribal districts. These districts formerly comprised Pakistan's FATA, which was affected by a protracted conflict that resulted in human, public and infrastructure losses. The tribal districts that now encompass the FATA region share many socio-economic characteristics. Moreover, the FATA region was recently affected by a large scale conflict that resulted in large numbers of its inhabitants getting ki lled, as well as destruction of public and private infrastructure and loss of livelihoods. This also resulted in limiting access to the region. Keeping this in consideration asample size of h Purposive sampling, 427 children were selected from Mohmand Tribal district. The dependent variables were children involved in schooling, those involved in child labour, and household chores. Explanatory variables included children, parents and household socio-economic characteristics. The analysis was done using descriptive statistics and a multinomial logit regression technique. Results show that the FFE program significantly reduced child labour incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mapped area includes the northeastern Kohat Fold and Thrust Belt (KFTB) and a part of the Kohat ranges separated by Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) which carries Mesozoic-Paleocene sediments in hanging wall. The rock sequence in KFTB generally consist of Paleocene-Eocene rock assemblages, which are unconformably overlain by the Miocene terrestrial synorogenic foreland basin deposits. This study is focused on understanding the structural kinematics of a portion of the Tolanj and Landiwal anticlinorium within the KFTB incorporating the surface data and construction of viable models using Move suite. The mapped coordinates have three major, east west trending structures comprised of the Bazid Khel anticlinorium in the north, followed by Landiwal and Tolanj anticlinorium in the south. Paleocene to Eocene rock assemblages have occupied the core of these structures. Bazid Khel and Tolanj anticlinorium host Panoba Shale whereas the Landiwal anticlinorium is cored by Kohat Formation as the mapped coordinates covers its western end. Several major thrust faults are mapped which include Tolanj-Tarkhobi Fault, Shahi Khel Fault, Bagh Fault, Shindand Fault and MBT (from south to north) which are mostly detached within Eocene strata except the MBT. Five balanced cross sections were created which helped in predicting the subsurface projection of the surface structures. These cross sections were restored which show about 50% overall shortening of the stratigraphic package involved in the deformation. The tight anticlinal and broad synclinal fold structures mapped within the Eocene rocks have evolved as detachment folds which have been truncated by unique thrust faults. These structures are detached from the deeper structures by incompetent formations which are Patala and Panoba Shale. As a result, these formations have played a major role in the structural evolution and disharmony between surface and subsurface formations of study area. Majority of the regional thrust faults are splays from a regional basal decollement which is translating southwards in response. The sub-surface model illustrates that variations in structures along the trend are result of fickle and variant slip vectors of thrusts along their strike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past 100 years, the annual global temperature has increased by almost 0.5°C and is expected to increase further with time. This increase in temperature negatively affects the management of water resources globally as well as locally. Rain is an important phenomenon for agriculture, particularly in hilly areas where there is no feasible irrigation system. The present study is concerned with the analysis and modeling of the rain pattern, its variability, and prediction of monthly number of rainy days for the Abbottabad District, which is considered to be one of the greenest and most beautiful areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, by incorporating both parametric and nonparametric techniques. Non-parametric statistical techniques are used for movement detection and significance testing; in this context, statistical tests were incorporated for inspection of homogeneity of rainy days among successive periods. A time series data for the period 1971-2013 was analyzed. Box Jenkins methodology and time series decomposition were applied for fitting the selected model, which was assessed for forecasting the monthly number of rainy days for 2015-2020. In this study several time series parametric and non-parametric approaches were applied to model rainfall data. The results showed that SARIMA (1, 0, 1) (0, 1, 1) was a better choice in predicting the monthly number of rainy days. Further analysis of the data suggests that January, March, May, July, and December have a considerable declining tendency in the number of rainy days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]