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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is one of the main obstacles to communities' development. The disease mostly involves active and productive population groups. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of pregnant women regarding HIV prevention and rapid HIV tests. Pregnant women who were referred to the local health centers and who were willing to participate in the study were interviewed. To collect data, a standard questionnaire was used among 200 pregnant women in eight local health centers of Kermanshah, Iran. The survey contained 50 questions on demographic characteristics and the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding HIV/AIDS prevention and rapid tests for pregnant women. Although the majority (82.5%) of the pregnant women knew that mother-to-child HIV transmission during pregnancy was possible, fewer than half (48.2%) of them knew that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child through breastfeeding. Only 22.5% of pregnant women knew that a Cesarean section for HIV-positive mothers is recommended. The mean attitudes of pregnant women toward HIV prevention and HIV rapid testing were 4.5 (SD = 0.4) and 4 (SD = 0.3), respectively. Of the women, 11.5% had participated in an HIV rapid test counseling class, and 25.5% had participated in HIV education and counseling classes. The low knowledge of mothers regarding HIV transmission highlights the need for education and counseling classes and campaigns to improve knowledge and behaviors related to HIV prevention, especially during pregnancy for women in marginal regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]