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Indirect questioning attempts to overcome social desirability bias in survey research. However, to properly analyze the resulting data, it is crucial to understand how it impacts responses. This study analyzes results from a randomized experiment that tests whether direct versus indirect questioning methods lead to different results in a sample of 8,426 youths in Kenya and Pakistan. Through an examination of differential item functioning and regression analyses, we find that question wording leads to differences in how scales should be scored. We conclude that the use of indirect questioning should be undertaken with caution as a method to replace direct questioning.

Indirect questioning attempts to overcome social desirability bias in survey research. However, to properly analyze the resulting data, it is crucial to understand how it impacts responses. This study analyzes results from a randomized experiment that tests whether direct versus indirect questioning methods lead to different results in a sample of 8,426 youths in Kenya and Pakistan. Through an examination of differential item functioning and regression analyses, we find that question wording leads to differences in how scales should be scored. We conclude that the use of indirect questioning should be undertaken with caution as a method to replace direct questioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biotelemetry requires animal captures to deploy collars. Capture raises ethical concerns, as field chemical immobilizations are complex procedures, during which respiratory and metabolic disturbances frequently occur, which can disrupt cardiovascular, neurologic, and respiratory function. The use of tools and techniques to maximize animal safety and maintain physiological stability in anesthetized primates is crucial. We examined the use of blood gas and electrolyte analysis to enhance basic anesthesia monitoring in a field setting. We provide preliminary values for venous blood gas and electrolyte parameters (pH, partial pressure of CO2, base excess, bicarbonate, total CO2, sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, glucose, hematocrit, and hemoglobin) obtained using the iSTAT-1 analyzer and iSTAT CG8+ cartridges from 23 olive baboons (Papio anubis) captured in July 14–18, 2019, at Mpala Research Centre in Laikipia County, Kenya. We also tested for age and sex differences in the blood gas and electrolyte values. The reference values showed that some of the olive baboons experienced metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation, presumably as a result of chloride depletion through sweat from the high ambient temperatures. None of the measures showed significant variation by age or sex. We recommend providing shaded baited cage traps during capture to minimize risk of hyperthermia. Our findings suggest that rapid provision of blood gas and electrolyte parameters in a field setting augments basic anesthetic monitoring and translates to improved anesthetic protocols and safety of immobilized primates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Kenyan youth comprise the majority of the Kenyan electorate, they are typically either stereotyped as criminals or marginalized, rather than taken seriously as politically important actors. The importance of youth in Kenya, and the gaps in our knowledge about this group, prompt us to investigate their views at the cusp of political becoming. Reporting on a survey of 4,773 secondary school students in Nairobi, we argue that understanding this youth population's perspectives and relationship to the state – 'seeing like students' – is critical to any understanding of Kenya today and its future. Our study shows empirically that secondary school youth in Nairobi are perceptive about the challenges facing the country, civically engaged, and hopeful about the future. With views that often differ by ethnicity, gender, or socio-economic background, our findings highlight the importance of acknowledging youths' complex on-the-ground realities and challenging dominant discourses about youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]