Search

There has been no information on cystogenous nematodes of the genus Heterodera injuring apple trees. The paper checks the first finding of these nematodes on the roots of a cultivated apple tree. The nematodes proved to be a new species, Heterodera mali sp. n. The apple cystogenous nematode resembles the potato cystogenous nematode H. rostochiensis Woll. in having a round body, small cleft of the vulva and similar sizes of eggs. It differs from H. rostochiensis in smaller sizes (on the average 5 against 9) very transparent and thin cuticle, a small distance between vulva and anus (on the average 43 against 86), a smaller value of the Granek's index (on the average 1.3 against 4.6), a smaller number of cuticular folds between vulva and anus (on the average 7 against 21) and different plant-hosts. A detailed description of H. mali sp. n. is given.

The question as to the prevalence of toxigenic microscopic fungi in foodstuffs originating in Kazakhstan is but little studied. In particular, no information on the microflora in the products coming from the south-western areas of the republic are available. The paper brings forth the results consequent upon the study of the problem in the Guriev and Dzhambul regions typical of this area. Microflora in 317 samples of various foodstuffs (wheat grains, flour and mealy products, rice, husket millet, dried meat, etc.) taken in rural families was studied by conventional methods. A highly frequent and intensive contamination of the vegetable and animal products with micomycetes, among which a definite prevalence of the species belonging to genus Aspergillus was noted. Aspergilli were represented mainly by the species known by their toxigenicity (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. candidus, A. niger, A. versicolor and others). A conclusion is drawn as to a potential hazard of mycotoxicoses arising in the south-western part of Kazakhstan. Recommendations for instituting preventive measures are given.

In the course of studies on the ecological structure of acute febrile diseases in the season of activity of blood-sucking arthropods strains of a virus antigenically related to Sikhote-Alyñ virus were isolated from the blood of a patient and from Ixodid ticks. This paper presents the results of the study on the causative agent and the clinical picture of the disease caused by this virus. The virus was found to be a new one for science; its appurtenance to the family Picornaviridae, genus Cardiovirus, the antigenic group of encephalomyocarditis has been determined. The virus has been designated "Syr-Darya Valley fever virus" by the area of its isolation.

The paper represents some results of a joint commission, organized by the USSR Ministry of Health by order of the USSR Council of Ministers at public requests. The commission worked in the area neighbouring the proving ground at Semipalatinsk in the period of May-July 1988. A radiological situation there was investigated after underground nuclear testing on July 8, 1989. The results of measurements and archive data were used to estimate doses of radiation exposure of the population in the period of 1949 (nuclear testing on the ground and in the atmosphere) and in the period of underground testing, It was shown that in the period of 1949-1963 approximately 10,000 people received increased doses of external and internal irradiation. A high level of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations was noted among them. The highest effective equivalent doses of external and internal irradiation were received by the residents in the villages of Folon' (1.6 Gy during the first testing in 1949), Karaul (0.37 Gy), Sarzhal (0.20 Gy), Semenovka (0.02 Gy). The annual effective equivalent doses at that period did not exceed 0.0056 Gy (the highest value) for the Semipalatinsk residents. Proceeding from the values of collective doses probable long-term effects (malignant tumors) were assessed. Recommendations and conclusions of the commission are presented.

The paper discusses the need to develop an effective system of proficiency tests to be used in teaching oncology to general practitioners. Consideration should be made of both the state of the art of oncology teaching method and limited time assigned to it in medical college curricula.

The paper is concerned with multifactorial assessment of the air anthropogenic contamination effect on development of chronic nonspecific pulmonary diseases, chronic bronchitis (CB) in particular. Methodological approaches to identify etiological significance of anthropogenic effects in CB genesis include measurements of the air contaminants, calculation of the total contamination index, selection of the study and control territories, analysis of medical documents, conduction of wide-scale medical examinations. CB developing in the conditions of the above contamination is characterized by obstructions, bronchospastic components, other separate or systemic disorders.

Considers the transition in Kazakhstan to independence (separation from the Soviet Union). Kazakhstan has plenty of oil, a natural environment that is beautiful and nearly untouched in places, and has barely experienced demonstrations, let alone riots. Pervasive influence in the invasion of material goods from both East and West; Ventures by Americans, Chinese, Koreans; Drug trafficking; Numbers of religious confessions practicing; Its role in the Asian community.

Examines the relationship between Kazakhstan and Russia. Apolitical nature of population in harmony with government now in power; Three basic types of parties and social movements in Kazakhstan that are strongly nationalistic; President Nursultan Nazarbaev's efforts to avoid any seriously damaging political miscalculations; Remarkable political stability has enabled leaders to enact political reforms. INSET: Political parties, by Leonid Zagalsky and Alexandr Samoilenko..

Tells how Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbaev is enabling the `closed city' of Leninsk, built for Baikonur space vehicle launch site personnel in 1955, to help Russia accomplish its space goals. Inability of Kazakhstan to independently exploit this technical plum which was built on its territory; Time estimated for Russia to transfer space technology over from military to civilian control; New construction has ceased; Visible disrepair; Staffing vacancies; Survival estimates.

Looks at the markets for Kazakhstan's weapons, the countries of the Asian Pacific, Africa and Eastern Europe, and notes that conversion from the manufacture of military weapons to those for the civilian market is a slow process when sales must be coordinated through Moscow. Government created a strict system for the regulation of the arms trade; Controls on `dual use' materials, equipment and technologies; Resources for conversion not available; Privatization. INSET: Imaginary weapons..

The paper analyzes medicosocial problems of occupational stress, characteristics of stressor reactions associated with the health status, job parameters, and lifestyle of different social groups of population. The incidence of stress among various occupational groups in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Kazakhstan has been studied. The authors have detected the role of external and internal environmental factors (social, demographic, biological) in the appearance and development of stress. Recommendations are offered on the detection of stress, identification of groups by the severity of stressor reactions, and formation of risk groups. The scope and type of therapeutic and prophylactic care in specific groups followed up is outlined.

The article focuses in Kazakhstan's political condition and its background. Kazakhstan is under the communist political system of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). It is ruled under the leadership of Nursultan Nazarbayev as vested and authorized by Mikhail Gorbachev. However, Kazakhstan's independence was not achieved by the efforts of Nazarbayev but through the dissolution of coup attempt in the Soviet Union. Long before, Kazakhstan has no definite cultures or traditions. It has been ruled by khans, czars, and even the communists of Russia. Moreover, Kazakhstan aims for its political and economic transition toward democracy.

The author examines the flow of the non-Kazakh population from the territory of Kazakhstan since the country became independent in December 1991. "This study [analyzes] the ongoing migration process from...a Kazakh point-of-view--meaning, not from the position of a Kazakh ¿nationalist' but from a pragmatic stance, taking into consideration the specific elements of the situation in the country. In particular, it is suggested that the ¿nationalist' interpretation (which is not actively promoted in the country's internal politics, by the way) is less than ideal as a scientific explanation of this migration, and various other contributing factors will be presented.", (excerpt)

Discusses kindergarten education in Kazakhstan, an independent Central Asian republic of the Commonwealth of Independent States. When compulsory education commences in Kazakhstan; Details on the kindergarten education; Objectives of kindergarten provision; Assumption made by the curriculum used at school entry; Economic factors affecting Kazakhstan.

Committed to reintegrating most of the former Soviet space, Russia has formed a customs union with three other Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries -- Belarus, Kazakstan and Kyrgyzstan -- and is forging closer union with Belarus. This expansionist drive could, however, be costly for Russia, including forcing it to postpone or sacrifice the country's extended integration into the world economy. Moscow's actions appear to be part of a general reorientation of Russian policy impelled by a great-power, Russian-nationalist perspective. The West can, by effectively supporting the economic and democratic development of those CIS states that are prepared to guard their independence, help to shape the outcome positively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the opportunities and threats of modern management education and development in Kazakhstan. It offers factors affecting the management education and development in the country including its diversified resource base for agricultural, mineral, and industrial output, its massive deposits of crude oil and natural gas and being the net exporter of petroleum products, as well its well-educated population of 17 million. The article also discusses the Kazakhstan Institute of Management, Economics and Strategic Research (KIMEP) which was founded by presidential decree in January 1992 and Dr. Chang Bang as the founder and executive director of the Institute.

Nature does not respect national borders; yet human beings seem incapable of managing their affairs without them. Nature has also not endowed every place on earth or every nation with the same type and amount of resources. Herein lie the roots of interstate conflict and cooperation over essential and scarce natural resources, such as freshwater. In Central Asia both possibilities will continue to exist for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the development of regional climate change scenarios for Kazakhstan as a result of increasing CO2 concentration in the global atmosphere. Climate change assessment on the analysis of 100-years observations; Estimation of CO2 concentration from three general circulation model (GCM) outputs; Impact of climate change on agricultural, forest and water resources.

Patterns and levels of migration in eight states located in the southern region of the former Soviet Union are analyzed for the period from 1989 to the beginning of 1996. "The focus of the paper is on the composition of migration streams by nationality and the impact that migration has had on the changing population of the newly independent states formed after the dissolution of the former Soviet Union. Recent data are tabulated and estimates discussed in detail disclosing the exodus of Russians and movement of other nationalities in each of the Transcaucasian (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) and Central Asian (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) countries.", (excerpt)

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the geopolitical influence on economic development. Kazakstan is one of the former Soviet Republics which became independent in 1991, which have since then become subject to strong internal and external geopolitical forces. It is the intention of this research to analyse Kazakstan and its new international position. It is well known that the Soviet planned economy has been instrumental in the creation of a series of regional monostructures whose sole market is Moscow. The economic grip of Russia upon Kazakstan has greatly enhanced its power there. Landlocked between the regional powers of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, with an economy forced from the centralized ‘security’ of the Soviet Union, a population constructed of disparate groups placed by the dynamics of history, and a religious ambiguity yet to be satisfactorily resolved, Kazakstan poses many questions both domestically and geopolitically. The paper includes an historical overview, in depth consideration of the economic resources within Kazakstan, current issues, and possible future scenarios and implications. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a summary of the research `Impact of Higher Oil Revenues on the Kazakh Economy,' by Ahu Z. Ozturkmen. Basis of the economic potential of the Republic of Kazakhstan; Model used to provide an analysis of the impacts of an oil boom on the Kazakh economy.

This article focuses on the book "Kazakstan: Transition of the State." This book considers how the state sector of Kazakstan has yet to adjust to the sweeping economic and political changes that have accompanied the demise of the former Soviet Union and highlights the ways in which reforms in the structures of the state, in the systems of public resource management, and in key programs could facilitate this adjustment. Discusses the structure of public administrations arid services.

Chromites forming giant orebodies in the southern part of the Early Palaeozoic ophiolite sequence of the Kempirsai Massif (Kazakhstan, Urals) contain a large number of inclusions, i.e. silicates, sulphides, alloys, arsenides, and fluids. The chromite orebodies are surrounded by dunite envelopes of variable thickness, which show transitional boundaries to harzburgite host rocks. The composition of ore-forming chromites in depleted mantle rocks of the southern part of the massif (Main Ore Field) is rather uniform, showing high cr-number [100Cr/(Cr+Al), 78–84] and mg-number [100Mg/(Mg+Fe2+), 51–85] values. Smaller bodies of Al-rich spinel in the northern and western part of the massif (Batamshinsk) have variable cr-number (38–60) and mg-number (50–88) values. Three textural types of inclusions in chromite are distinguished: (1) In Main Ore Field chromites, primary silicate inclusions generally have high mg-number (>95), Cr and Ni, and are dominated by pargasitic amphibole, forsterite, diopside, enstatite and Na-phlogopite. Chromite formed over a temperature range from 1200° to <1000°C at oxygen fugacities 1–2 log units above the fayalite-magnetite-quartz (FMQ) buffer. A diversity of primary and secondary platinum-group mineral (PGM) is described from the chromitites, including alloys, sulphides, sulpharsenides, and arsenides of Ru, Os, Ir, Rh, Ni, Cu, Fe and Co. Alloys, sulphides and arsenides free of platinum-group elements are attributed to serpentinization of chromitite. (2) In addition to primary PGM and hydrous silicates, fluid inclusions of up to 50 μm size are frequently included in chromite within chromite-amphibole veins discordant to massive chromitite in the Main Ore Field. The fluids are low to moderately saline, sodium-dominated aqueous solutions with complex gas contents. Variable amounts of water, hydrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and nitrogen have been determined in inclusion-rich samples. (3) In the northern and western part of the Kempirsai massif, complex silicate-oxide assemblages formed in small orebodies of orbicular Al-rich chrome spinel. Chlorite, amphibole, hydrogarnet, sphene, manganoan ilmenite and Ca-Ti oxide are documented in addition to Ni sulphides and rare PGM. The formation of chromitite in the Kempirsai Massif is explained in terms of a multi-stage process involving mantle fluids. Low-Cr, high-Al spinel present in small orebodies in the northern and western part of the massif formed from mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-type melts extracted from fertile mantle in an extensional tectonic setting. The large orebodies and the amphibole-chromite veins in the southern part formed later from interaction of hydrous, second-stage high-Mg melts and fluids with depleted mantle in a convergent tectonic setting. Metasomatic alteration of the mantle wedge above subducted crust by fluids played an important role in generating second-stage melts and in releasing metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on Kazakhstan which is a Soviet successor state in the grip of integration and nation building. Identifying the aspect of nation building; Problems facing Kazakhstan which is an obstacle to its plan of nation building; Themes in the Kazakh nationality debate.

Abstract The ecology and management of the Saiga antelope Saiga tatarica tatarica, a nomadic herding species of the desert, semi‐desert and steppe ecosystems of Central Asia, are reviewed. The range area and population size of the Saiga in Kazakhstan have changed substantially since they were first described, declining rapidly through the nineteenth century to a low point in the 1920s, followed by recovery until the 1950s and subsequent stabilization. A detailed description is given of the Saiga’s habitat and the differences between the winter and summer pastures. The species feeds mainly on grasses, although herbs and shrubs are seasonally important. The migratory patterns of the species divide into directional seasonal migrations and less structured local movements. Group sizes are largest in the calving season and during the autumn migration. Harems are formed in early December. Fertility rates are high, with females giving birth in their first year of life, and routinely twinning thereafter. However, mortality rates are also high in years of drought and harsh winters. The major factors limiting populations include climate, parasites and diseases, predators, and anthropogenic factors. The major human influences are commercial hunting and poaching. Agriculture and habitat alteration are less important currently, although they were probably responsible for the division of the Kazakhstan population into three separate populations. The species was well managed in the Soviet period, with strong institutional structures. However, a new political era requires a re‐evaluation of the Saiga’s needs, in the face of a growing threat from poaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the social policy of Kazakhstan following its independence from the Soviet Union. Transition from central planning to a more market-oriented system; Documentation of the effects of a poorly formulated transition strategy; Focus of a revised strategy on macroeconomic stabilization.

The article discusses one-company towns such as those prevalent in Kazakhstan and evaluates the impact of the company's employment level on the town's labor earnings. One-company towns are said to be common in developing and transition governments and are characterized by the presence of one large employer in a local labor market. Data from the 1996 Living Standards Measurement was used and it was shown that town earnings decreased by 1.5% when the workers from that town decreases by 1%.

The article presents information on acquiescence bias in Kazakhstan and suggests means to minimize its occurrence. Acquiescence bias, or agreement bias, refers to the propensity of individuals to agree with an assertion regardless of its contents. Acquiescence bias is a problem for survey research because it causes respondents in interview or questionnaire situations to misrepresent their true attitudes. Acquiescence bias is especially problematic if some populations are more susceptible to it than others. The problem of acquiescence bias is usually, though not exclusively, associated with the use of "attitude statements," assertions for which an individual is expected to agree or disagree. The use of attitude statements has become standard practice in the study of post-Soviet public opinion. An experimental study of public attitude of people of Kazakhstan was conducted. The results of the nationwide survey, of Kazakhstan reveal that acquiescence bias is found among the entire sample, but it is stronger for ethnic Kazakhs than for ethnic Russians.

Presents information on a study which investigated the active tectonics of the Turan and South Kazakh platforms in western central Asia brought about by earthquakes. Two main stages in the tectonic setting of the area; Conclusions.

The middle Ordovician brachiopod faunas of Kazakhstan provide one of the most complete records of the evolution and radiation of some of the oldest known spire-bearing brachiopods. By contrast with North American faunas, Kazakhstanian atrypide taxa mostly belong to the suborders Atrypidina and Lissatrypidina, whereas the suborder Anazygidina is completely absent. Kazakhstanian species referred previously toZygospiraKuzguniaare reassigned toSulcatospira, which appeared in the CaradocDiplograptus multidensClimacograptus clinganibiozones (Sulcatospira? praecursorandSulcatospira primasp. nov.). Primitive, and possibly the oldest known Athyridida also appeared in Kazakhstan sometime during the Caradoc (Kellerella misiusisp. nov.) and became widespread in brachiopod assemblages developed in carbonate mud mounds. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the early divergence of the Anazygidina, Atrypidina and Athyridida, which probably evolved independently from various primitive smooth Lissatrypidina. The new atrypide subfamily Pectenospirinae and two new atrypide genera (Rozmanospiragen. nov. andPectenospiragen. nov. withP. pectenatasp. nov. as type species) are erected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the nature of nationalism in Kazakhstan. Role of nationalism in international politics; Impact on the relationship between Kazakhstan and Russia; Influence of print-capitalism on the rise of language of imagined communities; Discussions on Kazakification; Details on social and ideological problems of Kazaks.

The paper presents data available in the literature on the natural foci of plague, tularemia, tick-borne spirochetosis, Crimean hemorrhagic fever, tick typhus, Q fever, zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. The largest number of transmissible infections is shown to be in the natural areas of deserts and piedmont semiarid lands.

Presents a study on the isotopic and geochemical data of the Zerenda series metamorphic rocks from Kokchetav massif in Northern Kazakhstan. Background of the ultrahigh pressure metamorphism of rocks; Sample description and analytical techniques; Results of the study.

Focuses on the economic problems of Kazakhstan based on the author's work experience in the republic in connection with two agricultural projects. Environmental problems caused by the industrial sector; Economic plan based on a market orientated system following independence in 1991; Minimal capital investment in agriculture since 1998.

A pilot study was conducted to examine the extent of lead exposure and prevalence of iron deficiency in 3 major cities of Kazakhstan. Blood lead (B-Pb.) and erythrocyte protoporphyrin (ZnPP) levels of 475 children, age range 6 months to 7 yeas were measured. The mean B-Pb. levels in the different cities ranged from 4-7 micrograms/dl (minimum 1 to max 29 micrograms/dl) and similarly the mean ZnPP levels ranged from 26-32 micrograms/dl (minimum 12 and maximum 95 micrograms/dl), thus confirming low level lead poisoning of children at some sites. One to four year olds had greater than 10 micrograms/dl B-Pb in 18-27% cases compared with 3-7% cases in five to seven year olds. Prevalence of iron deficiency in 6 months to 4 year old children was the highest ranging from 28-86% compared with 4 to 15% in 4-7 year olds. However, there was remarkably low prevalence (4%) of iron deficiency in a group of 5-6 years olds. This study suggests that a targeted B-Pb and ZnPP monitoring together with an iron supplementation programme in the 3 cities of Kazakhstan is essential. Environmental education appears to have had a positive impact in lowering B-Pb at one site and should thus be expanded nationwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]