Search

Following a 2-week trip to Kazakhstan, a 42-year-old woman presented at the emergency department in Germany with fever, headache, nausea, and neurological symptoms. An infection with Plasmodium falciparum was rapidly diagnosed. The patient was immediately treated with intravenous artesunate and transferred to an intensive care unit. The initial parasite density was as high as 30% infected erythrocytes with 845,880 parasites/µL. Since Kazakhstan was declared malaria-free in 2012, molecular testing for Plasmodium has been initiated to identify a possible origin. Genotyping of the msp-1 gene and microsatellite markers showed that the parasites are of African origin, with two different alleles indicating a polyclonal infection. After a hospitalization of 10 days, the patient was discharged in good health. Overall, our results emphasize that malaria must be on the list of differential diagnoses for patients with fever of unknown origin, even if they come from countries where malaria does not commonly occur., Competing Interests: Declarations of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

In social networks research, geographical distance between places of residence partially explains patterns of friendship ties in semi-isolated communities like classrooms or schools. For example, individuals that live close to one another are more likely to be friends than chance alone predicts. Explaining this pattern, researchers often argue that distance approximates meeting opportunities: when individuals live nearby, they are more likely to meet, both by chance and deliberately. This paper discusses the effect of distance in post-Soviet urban space and argues that, at least in this context, shared access to public transit explains the structure of social relationships better than geographical distance. I model the pattern of friendship ties among a cohort of 145 high-school students considering the distances between residential locations and the available public transit. Results suggest that students that live along the same bus routes are more likely to be friends than those who just live close to one another. I conclude with a discussion about how research in the post-Soviet region can enrich debates about the association between the social and spatial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes conflict resolution strategies in public procurement in two transition economies, Russia and Kazakhstan, based on a supplier survey. The results show that 25% of suppliers in Kazakhstan and 32% of suppliers in Russia said preferred to resolve all public procurement conflicts through negotiations with the procurer without involving a third party represented by the regulator and/or the judicial system. The findings also revealed that Russian suppliers, potentially affiliated with procurers, are less likely to encounter conflict situations. The attitude to the practice of "predetermined choice," when the procurer selects a supplier before the formal procurement procedure, was used as an indirect indicator of such affiliation. In addition, the empirical analysis shows that, in both countries, suppliers who are not inclined to trust the court and indicate high costs of participation in litigation are more likely to use the strategy of direct negotiations to resolve procurement conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores eight Kazakhstani postgraduate students' reflections of their international educational experiences in the UK after their immediate re-entry into Kazakhstan. Special focus was on their language identity development after their one-year stay in the UK. It was informed by Benson et al.'s ([2013]. Second Language Identity in Narratives of Study Abroad. London: Palgrave Macmillan) three-dimensional model of L2 identity: (a) identity-related aspects of L2 proficiency, (b) linguistic self-concept, and (c) L2-mediated aspects of personal development. The qualitative data collected from a written narrative and three subsequent rounds of individual semi-structured interviews suggest that most participants had lofty goals in the first period of their study abroad. They gradually became aware that full immersion in the host country could take a long time, and accordingly, they set concrete goals. The analysis of the data also revealed that the participants exercised their agency in displaying their development of sociopragmatic competence and a global citizenship identity, by respecting different opinions and accepting cultural differences. Nevertheless, some of them experienced racism based on their usage of English and presumed ethnicity. This study underlines the significance of introducing pedagogical interventions in all phases of study abroad to avoid student sojourners' unrealistic or impractical goals and empower their language identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This exploratory study delves into the relationships between noncognitive skills and academic achievement within the unique context of STEM schools in Kazakhstan. Methods: Survey data were collected from 109 teachers and 395 students at a STEM secondary school in Kazakhstan. Correlational, regression and path analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between non-cognitive skills and academic performance in Mathematics, Computer Science, Physics, and Chemistry classes. Results: The results showed that out of the 26 skills, eight had a direct impact, 12 had an indirect impact, and six had no impact on academic achievement of students in the four STEM subjects. Discussion: This study is the first to explicitly examine the impact of one group of non-cognitive skills on academic achievement of students in STEM subjects mediated by another group of these skills. Teachers are encouraged to integrate non-cognitive skill development into curricula, tailored to subject-specific needs. Policymakers can use findings to inform equitable skill development policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adherence is vital for medicine to have an effect, yet adherence is considered to be low, with approximately half of the patients not fully adherent. However, research into adherence tends to focus on quantitative analysis of performance, which fails to perceive how people are adherent in their many different environments. As a contribution to gaining a deeper understanding, interviews were held with thirty individuals in the UK, Egypt, Kazakhstan, and six countries in sub-Saharan Africa to understand their perceptions on adherence to a range of drugs, and these were compared with an existing well-regarded list. New or undocumented reasons for non-adherence were discovered. Reasons for non-adherence were consistent across both developing and developed worlds. A new viewpoint on adherence is suggested, which considers adherence to be a single act and therefore as an individual opportunity to be adherent, permitting greater focus on the enablers and inhibitors of adherence at any given point in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the 1990–2000, Kazakhstan experienced a decline in the number of healthcare professionals working in rural areas. Since 2009, the national government has been implementing financial incentives to encourage healthcare professionals to relocate to rural areas. This study aims to investigate the temporal and spatial patterns in the distribution of the rural healthcare workforce and evaluate the impact of this incentive scheme. Methods: Interrupted Time Series Analysis using ARIMA models and Difference in Differences analyzes were conducted to examine the impact of the incentive scheme on the density of different categories of the healthcare workforce in rural Kazakhstan in the period from 2009 to 2020. Results: There was a significant increase in the number of rural healthcare professionals from 2009 to 2020 in comparison to the period from 1998 to 2008. However, this increase was less pronounced in per capita terms. Moreover, a decline in the density of internists and pediatricians was observed. There is substantial variation in the density of rural nurses and physicians across different regions of Kazakhstan. The incentive scheme introduced in 2009 by the government of Kazakhstan included a one-time allowance and housing incentive. This scheme was found to have contributed insignificantly to the observed increase in the number of rural healthcare professionals. Conclusion: Future research should be undertaken to examine the impact made by the incentive scheme on other medical subspecialties, particularly primary practitioners. Addressing the shortage of healthcare workers in rural areas is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach. Aside from financial incentives, other policies could be considered to increase relocation and improve the retention of healthcare professionals in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineered geopolymer composites, a green version of engineered cementitious composites, replace the cement by industry byproducts such as ground granulated blast furnace slag and/or fly ash with alkaline activators. However, fly ashes largely available in Kazakhstan termed here as low-activity fly ash, do not meet ASTM standard in terms of the particle size distribution and strength activity index due to lack of quality control during collection. Therefore, this paper aims to develop an engineered geopolymer composite containing low-activity fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag with hybrid fibers. Different combinations of fibers including polyvinyl alcohol, polypropylene, and steel fibers were investigated. The developed composite is targeted for multi-functional retrofitting on unreinforced masonry structures which requires high strain hardening capacity and low thermal conductivity. To achieve this target, the workability, dry shrinkage, compressive strength, tensile strength, strain hardening capacity, and thermal conductivity were examined through extensive experimental studies. From test results, it has been found that the geopolymer composite containing low-activity fly ash with a proper fiber combination can exhibit desirable mechanical and thermal properties with more than 20 MPa compressive strength, more than 2% of the tensile strain hardening capacity, and less than 0.25 W/mK thermal conductivity. Based on test results, micromechanical models were also developed for the composite to identify suitable fiber combinations for required strain hardening capacities. • The engineered geopolymer composite (EGC) was developed using low-activity fly ash. • The fiber hybridization was investigated for the proposed EGC. • The developed EGC can achieve desirable strain hardening and thermal performance. • Parameters for micromechanical modeling on the proposed EGC were calibrated. • Design charts were developed to identify suitable fiber combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This critical interpretive paper deploys Walter Mignolo's geopolitics of knowledge concept to examine higher education internationalisation in Kazakhstan. Amidst growing concerns about economic and environmental sustainability, elitism and cognitive justice, among other critical issues, internationalisation remains a vital government policy. By tracing Kazakhstan's development since independence from the Soviet Union and focusing on key higher education development policy frameworks, the paper argues and illustrates that: (1) the internationalisation of higher education in Kazakhstan promotes a specific representation of the world that is considered universal and modern; (2) the internationalisation of higher education in Kazakhstan illustrates the existing hierarchical global higher education system that is dominated by the West as centres of knowledge and learning while allocating other countries peripheral roles; and (3) the geopolitics of knowledge concept enables the reading of higher education internationalisation beyond what is knowledge to who, why and where knowledge is produced. The data for this paper came from a qualitative study that involved 15 semi‐structured interviews with graduates who studied abroad at Western universities through the government‐sponsored Bolashak Scholarship. Three focus group sessions with 21 graduate students at Nazarbayev University complemented the interviews. The qualitative data suggest that Mignolo's geopolitics of knowledge offers a close‐to‐perfect description of the internationalisation of higher education in Kazakhstan. The conclusion drawn from this post‐Soviet study is the universalisation of Western knowledge as nations utilise it for meaningful development, despite decolonial and cognitive justice concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This critical interpretive paper deploys Walter Mignolo's geopolitics of knowledge concept to examine higher education internationalisation in Kazakhstan. Amidst growing concerns about economic and environmental sustainability, elitism and cognitive justice, among other critical issues, internationalisation remains a vital government policy. By tracing Kazakhstan's development since independence from the Soviet Union and focusing on key higher education development policy frameworks, the paper argues and illustrates that: (1) the internationalisation of higher education in Kazakhstan promotes a specific representation of the world that is considered universal and modern; (2) the internationalisation of higher education in Kazakhstan illustrates the existing hierarchical global higher education system that is dominated by the West as centres of knowledge and learning while allocating other countries peripheral roles; and (3) the geopolitics of knowledge concept enables the reading of higher education internationalisation beyond what is knowledge to who, why and where knowledge is produced. The data for this paper came from a qualitative study that involved 15 semi-structured interviews with graduates who studied abroad at Western universities through the government-sponsored Bolashak Scholarship. Three focus group sessions with 21 graduate students at Nazarbayev University complemented the interviews. The qualitative data suggest that Mignolo's geopolitics of knowledge offers a close-to-perfect description of the internationalisation of higher education in Kazakhstan. The conclusion drawn from this post-Soviet study is the universalisation of Western knowledge as nations utilise it for meaningful development, despite decolonial and cognitive justice concerns.

This study investigated multilingual students' linguistic challenges at English-medium instruction (EMI) universities in Kazakhstan. Using language policy and planning as a theoretical lens, this study looked at EMI policy in general, particularly the academic English challenges of students due to a haphazard implementation of the EMI policy in Kazakhstani universities. The data were collected through an online survey and semi-structured interviews held with students and instructors at eight purposefully selected EMI universities in Kazakhstan. The data analysis revealed that over 70% of students had no prior exposure to EMI, 66.9% were dissatisfied with their English proficiency, 65.3% were dissatisfied with their literacy skills, and 72.6% did not enjoy reading and writing in English. Therefore, their transition to the EMI environment was chaotic and stressful. The EMI policy and practice seem to have failed because the macro-level policy from the top is not in sync with the resources and preparation at the micro-level (teachers and students). The ambitious goals of internationalization, global competitiveness, and human capital development through EMI cannot be achieved without careful planning, systematic implementation, and appropriate support mechanisms for students and instructors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Econometrics is a branch of economics that uses mathematical and statistical methods to study quantitative and qualitative relationships within economic phenomena. The purpose of this article is to study the impact of the capital market (financial instruments) on economic growth in Kazakhstan and the CIS countries through an understanding of the concept of "econometrics". The task of the study is to determine the dependence of gross domestic product as a resultant factor over the past 20 years. Methods. The article determines the assessment of the impact of financial factors on economic growth in the short term. An econometric model was used for this purpose. The resulting factor was the gross domestic product over the past 20 years. Results. The results indicate that the capital market influences economic growth in Kazakhstan and the CIS countries. This paper presents a model of the GDP function for the economy of Kazakhstan. In the course of the study, coefficients and variables of the model were estimated to predict the level and future changes in the country's GDP. Thus, the size of the capital market (Y1) depends on the following variables tested in the model: the number of securities issuance transactions; the volume of securities issuance transactions; the number of transactions of non-residents with shares at the secondary auction of KASE; the rate of change of shares of leading issuers on KASE [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the effect of online education on the professional creativity of primary school teachers. The research was carried out in a mixed method. The study group of the research consisted of 319 primary school teachers who work in various primary schools in Zhetysu Region, Kazakhstan, and have online education experience. The data collection tools of the research were the teacher creativity scale, whose Kazakh language validity was provided by the researchers, and the semi-structured interview form. The analysis of the quantitative data of the research was carried out with SPSS 25 statistical program. Content analysis was performed for the analysis of the qualitative data of the studies. As a result of the research, it was determined that the creativity levels of primary school teachers were high. According to the seniority variable among primary school teachers, it was determined that the creativity levels of those with medium seniority were higher than the others. The vast majority of teachers stated that online education has a positive effect on professional creativity. The study recommends increasing the creativity level of primary school teachers, by establishing in-service training programs for all teachers, especially those who are in the first and last years of their professions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on Tomlinson's graduate capital model, this paper examines the contribution of international education to the development of different forms of graduate capital and the experiences of international education graduates in applying graduate capital while navigating the job market. Interviews with 50 social science graduates in Kazakhstan demonstrated that human, social, and psychological capitals played a greater role in adjusting to various labour market factors and securing employment. We also contend that the utilization of specific forms of capital was contingent upon the particular industry where participants were seeking career opportunities. • Human, social, and psychological capitals contribute to job acquisition and retention. • Utilization of specific forms of capital are contingent upon a particular industry. • International education from abroad fosters a greater graduate capital development than international education at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the recently launched initiative of the Kazakhstani government to establish a regional education hub in the country by providing an overview of the government's rationale, adopted policy documents, and some of the undertaken steps. In addition, the paper argues that a related initiative of creating an international research university in Astana was an important precursor of the regional hub idea. Drawing on the lessons from the creation of the Nazarbayev University the paper tries to forecast some of the possible challenges, which may face Kazakhstan's regional education hub and identifies some policy considerations, which could increase the likelihood of its success. • Several countries in Central Asia are becoming active in establishing regional education hubs. • In Kazakhstan the establishment of a hub was preceded by the creation of a world-class university with international partners. • Several lessons can be drawn from the experience in establishing a world-class university to create the regional hub. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a model of the formation of a multiphase Akzhailau granitoid massif formed within a Caledonian block of the Earth's crust in the Hercynian time. This work is based on the results of major and trace element composition, geochronological, mineralogical and isotope-geochemical studies. Three stages of the formation of the Akzhailau massif are distinguished, which differ significantly from the previously accepted concepts about the multicomplex and polychronous origin of this intrusion: (1) the formation of moderately alkaline A2-type leuсogranites (308–301 Ma); (2) intrusion of monzodiorites into the base of leucogranites (~295 Ma), increasing degree of partial melting of protoliths with the formation of syenites and moderately alkaline granites of I-type (294–292 Ma); (3) intrusion of dikes and small bodies of alkaline ferroeckermannite A1-type leucogranites in the west and north of massif (~289 Ma). The Akzhailau massif was formed within about 15 Myr in the middle–upper crust through the interaction of plume-related subalkaline basitic magmas with metamorphosed crustal protolith of the orogenic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite well-established evidence supporting vaccination efficacy in reducing morbidity and mortality among infants and children, there is a global challenge with an increasing number of childhood vaccination refusals. This issue has intensified, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study aims to forecast mandatory childhood vaccination refusal trends in Kazakhstan until 2030, assessing the impact of mass COVID-19 vaccination on these rates. Utilizing annual official statistical data from 2013 to 2022 provided by the Ministry of Health of Kazakhstan, the study reveals a significant surge in refusals during the pandemic and post-pandemic periods, reaching record levels of 42,282 cases in 2021 and 44,180 cases in 2022. Notably, refusal rates sharply rose in specific regions, like Aktobe (13.9 times increase) and Atyrau (4.29 times increase), emphasizing the need for increased public healthcare attention in these areas. However, despite a decade of data, our forecasting analysis indicates a lack of volatility in childhood vaccine refusal trends for all vaccine types up to 2030, highlighting the statistical significance of the obtained results. The increasing trend in vaccine refusals underscores the necessity to enhance crisis response and support health initiatives, particularly in regions where a substantial rise in refusals has been observed in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of computational analysis of the stress-strain state of reinforced concrete spans of the railway (single-track railway line) overpass over the highway, under specified loads using spatial finite element models. The static load consists of a cohesion of three TEM-18 diesel locomotives and two loaded gondola cars (up to 25 tons per axle). The purpose of this study was to ensure reliable and safe operation of artificial structures on the railroads, as there is a constant increase in transit freight trains from China through the territory of Kazakhstan to near and far abroad, and often the load on the axle reaches 25 tons, and sometimes larger values – up to 27 tons per axle. The results of the study are recommended to be used for inspections and tests of typical girder bridge spans, as well as in the case of monitoring their technical condition with increasing operational loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a detailed description of the findings and methodology related to the monitoring of microplastics in three lakes and one river of the Akmola Region in Kazakhstan. The concentration of microplastic particles and the analysis of water and sediment quality of the Yesil River and Kopa, Zerendinskoye, and Borovoe lakes have been analyzed. A total of 64 water samples were collected across the spring, summer, and autumn seasons, with subsequent analysis revealing a seasonal increase in microplastic concentrations. The average microplastic content ranged from 1.2 × 10−1 particles/dm3 in spring to 4.5 × 10−1 particles/dm3 in autumn. Lakes exhibited higher concentrations compared to the Yesil River. Correlation analysis highlighted a connection between microplastic content and turbidity, particularly notable during the spring season. Analysis of sediments revealed a decrease in microplastic concentrations from the coastal zone toward open waters sediments. Microplastic fibers were predominant in sediments (69.6%), followed by fragments (19.1%), films (7.4%), and granules (3.9%). Larger particles (>500 µm) were found in beach sediments, constituting an average of 40.5% of the total plastics found. This study contributes valuable insights into the spatial and temporal distribution of microplastics, emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring and management strategies to address this environmental concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The culture of Pseudomonas mendocina H-3 was selected as the microorganism for oil destruction, and its effect on oil-contaminated soil from the Zhanazhol deposit in West Kazakhstan was studied. After conducting model laboratory experiments, field experiments were carried out. Six and twelve months after the treatment of the oil-contaminated field with microorganisms, the amount of oil fractions in the soil decreased noticeably, while the content of asphaltenes remained constant. Analyses show that the composition of the oil fraction changes—the concentration of paraffin-naphthenic—polycycloaromatic components decreases, whereas the relative amount of mono- and bicycloaromatic hydrocarbons increases. The results of the efficiency assessment showed that the use of Pseudomonas mendocina H-3 cell suspension in natural conditions leads to a decrease in the content of hydrocarbons in the soil from 55 to 70%. The lower efficiency of bioremediation with cell cultures in field experiments (on average, 61%) compared with laboratory model studies (reduction of oil content to 79%) is apparently associated with climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Republic of Kazakhstan showcases a diverse range of specialized breeds of beef cattle, both local and exotic. Among these breeds, Aberdeen Angus exhibits the most promise for producing superior quality beef. This is due to its harmonious exterior and constitutional features, precocity, and endurance, which render it highly adaptable to the sharply continental climate of the northern region of Kazakhstan. Given the current surge in demand for high-quality marbled beef derived from Aberdeen Angus cattle, it would be judicious to undertake large-scale breeding of this breed in enterprises of varying ownership structures while utilizing elite breeding bulls for reproduction. In this study, a scientifically rigorous approach was adopted to select the best breeding bulls by assessing the quality of their offspring, daughters, and cows in a comparative context, which underscores the efficacy of using top-quality animals of imported breeding. The results of this research can be utilized in the development of industrial-scale plans to enhance local beef cattle, as well as in private farms with Aberdeen Angus cattle, with a view to creating new genotypes, highly productive lines, and herds in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In this study, we evaluated the progeny quality of proven bulls of the Aberdeen Angus breed in different selections. Reliable information about the productive qualities of the daughters and cows of proven bulls is limited in Kazakhstan's scientific literature. We aimed to identify bull-improvers by comparatively evaluating cows of different genotypes in terms of productive qualities. The study was conducted in the period of 2021–2023, during which four groups of cows were formed based on origin. In conclusion, the high influence of inheritance of breeding features from bull-improvers should be highlighted: 78.6% to the daughters of cows of group I (Estonian selection from Kolos-firma LLP: EE 14465116 ABAJA PORTOS 95283, DK 1989501341 FREDERIK 95220, and EE 16966079 ABAJA PATRICK 95305) and 74.5% to the daughters of cows of group III (Canadian selection from Vishnevskoe LLP: BH BRUIN 54X 1644270 and JL DISTRICT 0311 1594050). There was less influence from proven bulls of deteriorators of the Kazakh selection: 21.4% to the daughters of cows of group II from Kolos-firma LLP (KZP156547191) and 25.5% to the daughters of cows of group IV from Vishnevskoe LLP (Henri KZT157789649 and Argus KZT155778964). Therefore, it is recommended that valuable genotypes of imported selection are used in breeding work in the Kostanay and North Kazakhstan regions for the improvement of Aberdeen Angus cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kazakhstan is in Central Asia and is the ninth-largest country in the world. Some socially vulnerable segments of the Kazakh population residing in subsidised social housing have experienced a range of problems due to the low quality of housing construction and its planning. Poor indoor environmental conditions in social housing contribute to occupants' comfort, health, and general well-being. This study assessed social housing residents' health and quality of life, focusing on their perceived indoor air quality and thermal comfort satisfaction. A cross-sectional survey in Kazakhstan was conducted to test the effects of environmental factors on social housing residents' health and satisfaction. Four hundred thirty-one responses were analysed, and the SF12v2 questionnaire was used to measure the health-related quality of life. Multiple regression analysis showed that air quality negatively predicted the respondents' physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) health. In addition, age, smoking, and employment status had a significantly negative effect on PCS, while education level had a predictive positive effect. Thermal conditions negatively predicted only MCS, as well as alcohol consumption. Next, the air-conditioning control factor had a negative effect. In contrast, low air circulation, low humidity, high solar gain, temperature imbalance, duration of the residence and alcohol consumption had a significantly positive effect on overall satisfaction with the temperature. The odour sources from tobacco, furniture and external sources were predictors of respondents' overall air quality satisfaction, along with the duration of the residence, alcohol consumption and smoking status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential for developing smart cities in Kazakhstan is evaluated using cluster analysis. Built on previous research focused on clustering the regions of Kazakhstan, this study applies the same method to the cities of the country. The analysis uses indicators related to human capital, infrastructure, education, information technology, production, and other factors to assess the potential of each city. The clustering is performed using Single Linkage, Complete Linkage, and Ward's methods. The results show that Almaty and Astana are the cities with the highest potential for becoming smart cities. Aktobe is identified as a city with distinctive features that may help or hinder its development as a smart city. The remaining cities are clustered into two groups, with one group having the potential to catch up and maintain the trend of developing smart cities, while the other group is less suitable for starting smart city projects and may require more investment per capita. The study highlights the deep regional inequality affecting the potential to successfully develop and manage smart cities in Kazakhstan. The analysis also reveals some limitations and challenges in the data and variables used, including the lack of data for some variables and the difficulties in "translating" some factors and indicators into quantitative variables for clustering. The study concludes that future research should address these challenges and consider clustering inside certain regions to focus on their unique features. The study recommends launching pilot projects in small cities, with the most successful practices then scaled and implemented in the core smart cities and possibly Aktobe, if it manages to use its advantages to compensate for risks. Overall, this study provides insights into the potential of smart city development in Kazakhstan and can inform policymakers in their efforts to support smart city projects in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes approaches to improving the efficiency of agricultural enterprises. It has been established that the use of technology transfer, in particular, precision farming technologies, makes it possible to enhance the efficiency of agricultural enterprises, in particular, to increase the yield of agricultural crops and, accordingly, to improve the profitability of enterprises. As an example, the activities of agricultural enterprises in the Republic of Kazakhstan were analyzed. The share of agricultural enterprises in the Republic of Kazakhstan that use elements of precision farming technology in their activities was determined. It was established that since 2019, the use of precision farming technologies in the activities of agricultural enterprises in the Republic of Kazakhstan has intensified. At the same time, from 60 to 75 % of enterprises already use elements of precision farming technologies in their activities. Using crop yield data for the past 32 years, estimates of the effectiveness of using precision farming technologies by agro-enterprises in the Republic of Kazakhstan were constructed based on forecasting yield indicators using the linear-weighted moving average method. The efficiency of using precision farming technologies in the activities of agricultural enterprises in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2022 reached 8.46 %, and the average efficiency for the period 2019–2022 was 4.21 %. Therefore, the use of precision farming technologies makes it possible to improve the validity of decision-making in the management of an agricultural enterprise and to obtain a higher profit from the sale of produced agricultural products for any agricultural enterprise in the world. On average, the results allow us to estimate the possible profit of an agro-enterprise when growing agricultural crops in the case of using precision farming technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a known carcinogen derived from both anthropogenic and natural sources. This work reports the size-segregated concentrations of total Cr(VI) in particulate matter (PM) in Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan, and provides new insights into the gas-solid reactions of atmospheric Cr. A study of total Cr(VI) in the particulate matter, via a microwave-assisted digestion technique, was conducted using a 5-stage Sioutas Cascade impactor that captures airborne particles in size ranges: >2.5 μm, 1.0-2.5 μm, 0.50-1.0 μm, 0.25-0.50 μm, and <0.25 μm. The total Cr(VI) concentration in the size fraction <0.25 μm was the highest with a maximum value of 9.7 ng/m 3 . This high concentration may pose a greater risk because smaller airborne particles can penetrate deeper into the lower respiratory tract of the lungs. Total suspended particles Cr(VI) exceeded the 8.0 ng/m 3 Reference Concentration (RfC) by 22 times. The overall total Cr(VI) concentration in summer was significantly higher than in fall (p < 0.05), which could be due to factors, including higher temperatures, ozone, and NO 2 concentrations in summer and a higher VOC concentration in fall. The results indicate that the interaction between Cr(III) and Cr(VI) through gas-solid reaction can control the speciation of atmospheric Cr., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: This paper aimed to describe the National Centre for Neurosurgery, the only specialized hospital in the treatment of neurological diseases in Kazakhstan and the leading neurosurgical hospital in Central Asia., Methods: Historical data were collected from the archive materials of the National Centre for Neurosurgery., Results: The paper outlines the achievements of the Centre in providing neurosurgical care to the population over the past 15 years, commencing with its establishment in 2008. During this period, there has been a 2.3-fold increase in the number of neurosurgeons at the Centre, accompanied by a significant seven-fold rise in the number of surgeries conducted. Additionally, the Centre has hosted international conferences and educational programs in collaboration with the Asian Congress of Neurological Surgeons and the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies. Throughout the last 15 years, more than 70 treatment techniques were introduced, and subsequent technology transfer initiatives extended these methods to regions within the country., Conclusions: The National Centre for Neurosurgery has achieved remarkable progress in delivering patient-centered neurosurgical care, rehabilitation programs, and innovative treatments, supported by state funding, benefitting patients across Central Asia., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The Aim Was: This study explored the perspectives of nursing, medical and public health students on environmental sustainability in healthcare., Background: The healthcare sector has increasingly recognized the importance of adopting environmental sustainability over the past few years. This growing awareness emphasizes the need to thoroughly assess the connection between health care and environmental responsibility., Design: Qualitative descriptive-exploratory design., Methods: This study explored the views on environmental sustainability in health care of 29 nursing, medical and public health students at three universities in Kazakhstan through focus group discussions. Thematic analysis was used in the data analysis. Data collection was carried out from June to August 2023., Results: Using semantic thematic analysis, 209 initial codes were extracted, and then similar codes and meanings were grouped, leading to 21 categories until the development of the five significant themes. The five main themes are 'the impact of the environment on health', 'environmental sustainability practices in healthcare care', 'the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in environmental sustainability in healthcare', 'intrinsic motivation to engage in environmental sustainability practices in healthcare' and 'challenges and barriers to practicing environmental sustainability in healthcare'., Conclusions: The study findings suggest the critical aspect of addressing environmental sustainability through interprofessional collaboration and working on intrinsic motivation among health professionals. Furthermore, our study contributes in several ways to our understanding of environmental sustainability in healthcare. Provides a basis for clinicians, educators and policy makers to consider adding sustainability to their agenda to prepare future health professionals., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Although the lives of LGBT people in Central Asia have recently received scholarly attention, authors do not pay due attention to transgender (trans) issues. This paper explores living conditions of trans people in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, as well as trans organizing in these countries. Semi-structured interviews with 11 trans activists were conducted in March–April 2022. According to the respondents, trans people in Central Asia face pervasive discrimination, harassment and rejection on behalf of society at large and their families. Many live in a desperate economic situation. Access to legal gender recognition aimed to align the person's legal gender with their gender identity is limited; the process requires psychiatric evaluation, medical interventions and/or going to courts. A limited number of doctors can provide transition-related medical care (hormone replacement therapy, surgeries). Trans activists self-organize to address these issues and promote trans rights in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Their areas of work include providing direct support, educating doctors, and conducting advocacy with state institutions and international actors. The political environment is hostile towards trans activism. Organizations face problems receiving official registration; in Tajikistan, state pressure on civil society is especially severe. Anti-gender movements are another obstacle for trans activists. Political instability often disrupts activists' advocacy efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of the study of the morphological composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) from the landfill of Atyrau city, and the waste's energy characteristics and presence of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. This study was carried out under a government order to determine the feasibility of recycling accumulated and incoming waste into electricity and its hazard to the environment and the workers involved in handling it. At the moment, there is no MSW recycling in Kazakhstan, which has led to the accumulation of more than 125 million tons of waste with an annual increase of 5 million tons. The research included four major cities (Almaty, Shymkent, Atyrau and Astana), which were selected not only on the basis of population, but also because the cities were located in different climatic zones. Samples were collected at the city landfills: 10 samples with an average distance of 100 m from each other were collected to provide a maximum coverage of both recently received waste and long-time stored waste. The research showed that neither climatic conditions nor the population size had a significant impact on MSW density, the values of which ranged from 120.1 kg/m3 to 145.4 kg/m3, as this indicator directly depends on the quality of life. The mass of the combustible fraction ranged from 39.41% to 54.62% and was mainly represented by plastic, textile and paper waste. The average value for the four cities was 50.30%. The higher calorific value fell in the range of 24.22–30.49 MJ/kg, with an average value of 26.71 MJ/kg. Microbiological studies showed little difference in average composition regardless of climatic conditions. Thus, no sharp differences in MSW composition, its energy characteristics and microbiological composition were found. The results of this study may be useful for optimising MSW recycling and disposal processes, as well as for developing measures to reduce their negative impact on the environment and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the current export potential of Kazakhstan, highlight its shortcomings, and implement solutions that will help to avoid them, form the poles of economic development, as well as explore ways to develop and improve them. This paper is aimed at the study of the economy of the border territories of Kazakhstan, it used the method of logical analysis, the method of comparative analysis, the method of analysis of scientific literature, the method of synthesis, the method of deduction, as well as the economic and statistical method. The result of this work is the definition and development of the theoretical and practical foundations of the activities of border territories, their impact on the economy of this region, as well as the creation of an algorithm and methods for the development of the poles of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is relevant because of the need to formulate and consider the main tools of digital socioeconomic transformation, as well as because of the need to create a new model. The implementation of the transformation of already existing forms and concepts inherent in socioeconomic systems depends on these processes. It is shown that whereas in traditional industries, economic value is created within the enterprise, in the digital economy, value is created outside the enterprise at the time of interaction between partners, suppliers, and customers. The conceptualization of space activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the practical implementation of programs for the development of the space industry is considered. Based on a combination of process, sectoral, and technological approaches, the article considers the relationship between the development directions of the space industry in Kazakhstan and the processes of the national economy digitalization. The necessity of transnational strategic partnership in the field of innovative digital technologies in the space industry instead of the currently used "rent" approach is demonstrated. The results of the article can be used to develop White papers and more detailed documents in the field of interrelated policies for the development of the digital economy and the space industry in Kazakhstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the research topic stated is due to the importance of conducting economic research in the field of agriculture, aimed at studying the main peculiarities of constructing an economic model of forestry development. The purpose of scientific study is to conduct research into the basic aspects of constructing a model of forestry's impact on the economic system of a particular state, as well as to study the basic aspects of the forestry system's functioning in the general economic system of the state, taking into account the current realities. The methodological approach of this study is based on a systematic analysis of the main aspects of conducting economic research on the role of forestry in the life of a particular country, combined with an analytical study of the specific features of the role and importance of forestry in the economy, as well as the overall influence of forestry on the country's economy. The research model of the role of forestry in the national economy is based on the example of the development of forestry in Kazakhstan. The main results obtained in the course of this study should be considered the role of the forestry sector in the economy of a single state and the assessment of the main trends and prospects for the development of the sector within the country as a whole. The results and conclusions of this scientific paper are of great significance for the workers of the forestry system, whose responsibility is to ensure the viability of the sector and its functioning in the overall economic system of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, scholarships for international higher education play a critical role in human capital development. While substantial research has documented the benefits such scholarships provide for individuals, their impact on the creation of pathways for social change remains under-researched. This paper bridges this gap by examining the extent to which a government scholarship for international education has created pathways for social change in Kazakhstan. Data were collected through interviews with 67 scholarship alumni. Drawing on Dassin et al.'s (2018) framework for pathways to social change, the findings reveal that international education fosters social change in Kazakhstan in four ways. First, the scholarship program develops local talent and builds agents of change. Second, it widens access to international education, particularly for individuals from marginalized communities, who would otherwise lack access owing to their scarce financial resources. Third, the program develops alumni's cosmopolitan and intercultural competencies and strengthens international collaborations. Finally, it creates associations and groups through which alumni can collectively contribute to society. The findings highlight that while the interviewed alumni foster strong patriotic feelings and are determined to contribute to the prosperity of their country, underdeveloped industries, economic volatility, and top-down bureaucracy in workplaces limit their potential contributions to social changes. These findings may help policymakers and administrators to reconsider and improve on the design and structure of scholarship programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the politics of the commemoration of the Kazakh famine of the 1930s by analyzing the commemoration strategies employed by visual artists in the period from 2012 until 2019. It identifies two types of art production on the topic—governmental public art, which avoids politicizing the famine and reads it as the greatest humanitarian catastrophe of the Soviet period, and art projects by independent artists who call the Kazakh famine a genocide. Although these two positions seem to be ideologically opposed on a rhetorical level, the article shows that the difference in the visual language used to express these opposite political positions is not always as pronounced as one would expect, and proposes several explanations for this incoherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to reveal the impact of the war unleashed by Russia against Ukraine on the foreign policy of Kazakhstan, as well as to consider the potential development of Kazakhstan's relations with China, Turkey, the United States and others. Analysis, induction, deduction and synthesis serve as the main methods of research on this problem. The article discloses the problem of preservation by Kazakhstan of a multi-vector, neutral policy in relation to its partners in modern conditions. The strategic programme documents adopted by the government of Kazakhstan were also studied. The analysis of interstate trade turnover for 2022 was used to determine relations between Kazakhstan and Russia after its invasion of Ukraine. Separately, it was considered whether the Russian Federation poses a military threat to Kazakhstan. The materials of the article are of practical and theoretical value for political scientists and specialists in the field of international relations, and researchers of the foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan interested in the features and aspects of the implementation of a multi-vector policy by its leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we provide an in-depth overview of key macroprudential policy framework instruments and borrower-based analytical tools in Kazakhstan. We estimate the debt service-to-income ratio (DSTI) for household sector in Kazakhstan for the period between 2013Q2 and 2022Q1. We use the actual remaining maturity and the interest rate for each loan available from the micro-level database (credit registry), and also assume gradual repayment of debt over the time of its remaining maturity. In addition, we specify four types of aggregate income in Kazakhstan. We conjecture, that measuring DSTI with household disposable income approach is likely to provide an upper bound estimate, while calculating debt service-to-income ratio adjusting for the average monthly nominal salary per one employee will likely provide a lower bound assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents research that demonstrates a way of incorporating futures studies instruments into the arsenal of Islamic Studies. The authors argue that futures studies can substantially expand the traditional limitations of Islamic Studies and benefit the stockholders. Using the "Three Tomorrows" (3Ts) approach, one can launch what can be called "futures ijtihad." By the latter, the authors mean the informed mental struggle for creating alternative perspectives on the future. The 3Ts include three basic overarching alternatives: Extended Present, Familiar Future(s), and Unthought Future(s). Each option can incorporate several variations. Their spectrum depends on the methods used for their building. The present research utilizes the 2x2 Matrix that helps elaborate on the futures of imams in post-pandemic Kazakhstan and comes up with twelve scenarios ranging from possible to unthought. As the scenarios suggest further practical steps, integrating new tools can facilitate Islamic studies' transition from predominantly theoretical to practical discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English for Academic Purposes (EAP) instructors may struggle to capitalize on students' multilingual practices in teaching and demystifying academic writing, considering the expectation to use standard English. My teaching report is situated in Qazaqstan, where I worked as an EAP instructor with first-year undergraduate students for whom Qazaq and Russian are the dominant languages, English is a foreign language, and translanguaging is a commonplace practice. The paper shares how I built on my shared linguistic and cultural background with my students to implement translanguaging pedagogy for teaching EAP writing in a hybrid course at an English-medium university. A major takeaway from my teaching experience is to establish a translanguaging space, in which students with different translanguaging beliefs can explore pedagogical translanguaging. The pedagogical translanguaging instructions used in writing one academic essay were focused on developing an outline, citations, and rough drafts. Throughout the essay completion in person and online, students and I discussed translanguaging writing examples, drew on our metalinguistic awareness, and critical discussions of linguistic choices. Overall, this paper illuminates on how an EAP instructor with a similar linguistic background to their students can disrupt monolingual norms, and use translanguaging pedagogy for linguistically just academic writing instruction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined how comments about Kazakhstan's 2019 and 2022 presidential elections posted on Tengrinews, one of the most commonly used news websites in Kazakhstan, reflected public sentiment toward the elections after two political flashpoints: Nazarbayev's resignation and the January 2022 protests (known as Bloody January - Qandy Qantar). In particular, the study seeks an answer to the question, "How has public sentiment changed between 9 April 2019 and 25 June 2019, as well as between 20 September 2022 and 21 November 2022?" In this paper, we applied a content analysis of all user-generated comments (n = 3,147) to identify Kazakhstani people's mood through the lenses of cues given in comments. The method demonstrates that people were most concerned about presidential nominations and candidates, election costs, protests, and social problems, and showed some hope for change. The results also demonstrate that Kazakhstanis tend to use sarcastic language and indicate the performative nature of the country's elections. Based on comparative analysis, we confirm that political flashpoints significantly affect citizens' sentiments, even regarding topics such as protests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does the closure of prisons impact local communities where the prison is sited? The paper compares three prison closures in northern and central Kazakhstan through field observations, interviews, and focus groups at the sites. We find that respondents unanimously opposed closure by appealing to the apparent good performance of the prison. Beyond the economic loss incurred by closure, respondents reported a loss of communal identity, as well as prestige connected to the presence of the military at the colony. The paper analyzes these responses by examining the logics by which the prisons came to be opened in the Soviet period as well as investigating how the relationship between punishment, economy, and society in Kazakhstan has changed since that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research considers the basics of the formation of brand names from linguistic and extralinguistic aspects. The material of the study was the brand names of Kazakh manufacturers. The interpretation of the term brand as an object of linguistic research is presented, the functions of brand names as a type of commercial nomination are identified and considered as nominative, informative, differentiating, aesthetic, influential and attractive. At the same time, special attention is paid to the types of brand names: by structure, by degree of expression, by origin, by degree of formality and by degree of motivation. The analysis of lexical material made it possible to differentiate linguistic factors that have a decisive influence on the process of brand name formation, including phonetic, graphic, lexical, stylistic, semantic and morphological aspects. Among the extra-linguistic factors, the cultural context, competitive environment, target audience, features of the national character, purpose and pragmatics were identified. The methods of name formation were studied, among which the most frequent were nomination according to the anthropological criterion, as well as the use of Kazakh vocabulary, neologisms and foreign words. The analysis and interpretation of the factual material from the sociolinguistic aspect made it possible to identify language units that represent the processes that take place in modern society: the revival of public interest in national culture and language, the strengthening of the position of the state language and the involvement of Kazakhstani society in the processes of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a case study on estimating the real service inspection intervals for German-brand passenger cars in Kazakhstan and Poland. This study aimed to identify disparities between the official recommendations of manufacturers for car maintenance and the real data collected in these two countries. The following passenger cars were examined: Audi A6, Q5, and Q8; Porsche Cayenne and Cayenne coupe; and Volkswagen Passat, Polo, Teramont, Tiguan, Touareg, Arteon, Golf, T-Cross, Tiguan all space, Touran, T-Roc, and Up. To assess the difference between real and recommended values, the manufacturer criteria of a recommended mileage of 15,000 and 30,000 km or a time frame of 365 and 730 days to the first service inspection were applied. The data analysis showed that in Kazakhstan, 31.4% of cars did not meet the warranty conditions, while in Poland, it was 21.0%. The dominant criterion that was not met was the time criterion. The assessment of these factors emphasizes the importance of customizing vehicle maintenance schedules to the specific conditions and driving behaviors prevalent in each country. The practical contribution of the article lies in uncovering the discrepancies between official manufacturer recommendations for car maintenance and the actual data collected in Kazakhstan and Poland. By identifying specific models, Volkswagen Touareg and Tiguan in Kazakhstan and Volkswagen Up in Poland, for which the maintenance intervals deviated significantly from those recommended, this study offers valuable insights for optimizing service schedules and improving the efficiency of maintenance practices in these countries. From a scientific perspective, this article contributes by providing empirical evidence of real-world maintenance behaviors for German-brand passenger cars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Aral Sea Basin in Central Asia faces significant challenges in improving water utilization and treatment because of frequent transboundary river water disputes and shortages of water resources. However, the traditional water resource utilization efficiency (WRUE) assessment models generally have the defect of over-validating evaluation results. To solve this problem, this study used the Coefficient of Variation method to constrain the self-contained weights in the traditional Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to construct an improved CV-DEA model, and assessed the WRUE of the Aral Sea Basin countries during 2000-2018 and compared the WRUE with that of the countries in the Mekong River Basin and Northeast Asia, then explored the factors influencing water utilization. The conclusions were drawn: since 1960, the runoff from the upper Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers increased significantly, while the runoff from the lower Amu Darya River into the Aral Sea declined. Meanwhile, the water area of the Aral Sea shrank from 2.56 × 10 4  km 2 to 0.70 × 10 4  km 2 in 2000-2018, with the Northern Aral Sea remaining stable while the southern part shrinking sharply. The WRUE of the Aral Sea Basin (0.599, on average) was higher than that of the Mekong River Basin (0.547) and lower than that of Northeast Asia (0.885). Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan had the highest WRUE of 0.819 and 0.685 respectively, and the WRUE in both two countries improved from 2000 to 2018. Tajikistan (0.495) and Turkmenistan (0.402) experienced decreases in WRUEs. The high input redundancy of agricultural water consumption was the main driving force affecting WRUE in the basin., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Very little is known about the status of autism research in Central Asia. The purpose of this scoping review was to examine the scope and focus of the peer-reviewed research studies conducted with autistic people and their families in five Central Asian countries—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The electronic databases of EBSCO Host and Web of Science were used for systematic search of literature. Eleven articles that met eligibility criteria were included in the review and analyzed for topics and research areas outlined in the Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee Strategic Plan. Ten of these studies were conducted in Kazakhstan and one in Uzbekistan using qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods research designs. Five of the seven research areas—Diagnosis, Biology, Risk Factors, Services, and Treatment and Interventions—were represented in these studies, while there were no studies identified in the areas of Lifespan Issues or Infrastructure and Surveillance, highlighting a gap in research. None of the studies reported co-authorship of scientists from Central Asian countries. The review identified knowledge gaps and research needs to guide future research in autism in Central Asia to address the needs of autistic individuals and their families living in this region. Very little is known about the status of autism research in Central Asia. Through the library databases, we identified and reviewed 11 scientific studies conducted with autistic people and their families in five Central Asian countries—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Of the 11 studies, 10 were conducted in Kazakhstan and 1 in Uzbekistan. Within these limited number of research studies, different topics such as diagnosis, risk factors of autism, biology, and various service and intervention areas were addressed. We identified several knowledge gaps and research priorities to address the needs of autistic people, their families, and professionals in Central Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on core data, physical properties, well logging, gas testing, composition, and helium distribution from 13 newly drilled wells, in combination with regional tectonic evolution, depositional background, and typical gas reservoir profiles, helium-rich gas reservoirs geology characteristics and main controlling factors have been explored. The results show that three gas reservoirs formed from bottom to top, i.e., granite and metamorphite fractured reservoir in the basement, tight sandstone structural reservoirs in the Devonian, and huge continuous carbonate reservoirs in the Lower Carboniferous. Fractures developed on structural points control high-production, and gas is prominently displayed in low structural areas. The dry gas exhibits richness in helium, with decreasing helium content from the basement to the Carboniferous. The pre-Devonian large-scale granite and metamorphite basement serve as the primary helium source, while the high-gamma sandstones of the Devonian and the Carboniferous act as secondary sources. Fractures play a dual role, being filled up and conducting in two ways: gas from the Carboniferous source rocks migrates downward, and helium migrate upward. Thick interbedded gypsum-tight limestone on top of the Lower Carboniferous act as the regional caprock, effectively preserving the helium-rich gas reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An increasing number of drugs are used each year in the treatment of small pets (cats and dogs), including medicines (cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones) used in human therapy. Aim: The purpose of this study was to isolate and explore the antibiotic resistance of opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Ci trobacter, Enterobacter) from cats and dogs, and to isolate resistance genes in the microorganisms. Methods: In 2021, 808 samples of biological material from small domestic animals were collected in veterinary clinics in Kostanay. From these, 210 microorganisms were isolated and identified. Results: A large majority of the strains sampled belonged to E. coli-149 (70.9%), Enterobacter-11 (5.2%), Klebsiella-28 (13.3%), Proteus-12 (5.7%) and 10 Citrobacter isolates (4.8%). In all isolates identified, antibiotic resistance/sensitivity was determined by disc-diffusion method to ampicillin, cefoxitin, gentamicin, levomycetin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, cefoperazone, cefpodoxime, streptomycin, kanamycin, doxycycline, gemifloxacin, nalidixic acid, furazolidone, furadonine, amoxicillin, and enrofloxacin. Conclusion: The study has demonstrated that the greatest number of Enterobacteriaceae were sensitive to the action of meropenem, which belongs to the group of beta-lactam antibiotics; resistance was demonstrated against tetracycline, doxycycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin, ofloxacin, and cefpodoxime. The most common genes encoding antimicrobial resistance were as follows: BlaTEM and OXA in 41 and 28 isolates, respectively, encoding resistance to beta-lactams; StrA and StrB in 45 and 48 isolates encoding aminoglycosides; and tetA and tetB in 43 and 28 isolates encoding tetracyclines. Obtained data demonstrate that uncontrolled and frequent use of beta-lactam and tetracycline antibacterials, in cats and dogs, results in the spread of genotypic resistance among micro-organisms of the family Enterobacteriaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compiled a checklist of endemic vascular plants occurring in Kazakhstan, employing an exhaustive examination of literature sources, herbarium collections, databases and field observations. Our study reveals that 451 taxa can be considered endemic to Kazakhstan, constituting 7.97% of the total vascular plant diversity in the country. These endemic taxa, originating from 139 genera and 34 families, predominantly thrive in the southern regions of Kazakhstan, specifically in the mountain ridges of the Kazakh part of the Tian Shan, including Karatau (123 taxa), Dzungarian Alatau (80 taxa) and Trans-Ili and Kungey Alatau (50 taxa). Notably, 107 endemic species are granted legal protection. Detailed information regarding life form, life cycle, conservation status and geographical distribution across floristic regions was meticulously compiled for each endemic taxon. Of the six groups of life forms, herbs include the highest part of endemic taxa (367 taxa), followed by dwarf semishrubs (25 taxa), shrubs (23 taxa), subshrubs (20 taxa), undershrubs (13 taxa) and trees (3 taxa). The observed life cycles are perennials (408 taxa), annuals (33 taxa) and biennials (10 taxa). This paper serves as a fundamental groundwork for prospective investigations aimed at assessing population sizes and hotspots of plant endemism throughout Kazakhstan, crucial for determining conservation status of endemic plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the advantages of enhancing construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling facilities to conform to circular economy (CE) models in Kazakhstan's construction sector. The industry is experiencing significant growth due to urbanization, but it faces difficulties managing CDW, frequently resulting in landfill disposal. In response, this paper provides a cost–benefit analysis of upgrading the CDW recycling centres aligned with CE needs. Reflecting legislative changes in Kazakhstan's Environmental Code, which prohibited CDW in landfills starting December 2020, the initiative to establish modern CDW recycling centres is gaining momentum in major cities. The primary objective is to maximize material recovery and eliminate contaminants that curtail the utilization of recycled sand and aggregate products. The analysis yields compelling results, indicating that the project has the potential to recycle up to 84 million tons of CDW over eight years, with an annual 25% capacity increase and a maximum possible 95% recycling efficiency. Despite an estimated cost of USD 48 million, the project demonstrates a payback period of 9.9 years, signalling eventual cost recovery. These findings underscore the project's capacity to mitigate CDW issues while generating economic benefits and contributing to a sustainable environment. In conclusion, implementing modern CDW recycling centres in Kazakhstan represents a potent solution for the construction industry as it transitions toward a CE model. This transition addresses both pressing environmental challenges and promising economic prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the sharp rise of research interest in linguistic landscapes worldwide, little attention has been given to the multilingual urban discourse of Kazakhstan. Being first in the investigation into the multilingual practices characteristic of the linguistic landscape in the western region of Kazakhstan, our study adds to the number of linguistic landscape analyses through a translanguaging lens. This paper explores translingual practices on local "bottom-up" commercial public signs by the example of four major cities in the region: Aktau, Aktobe, Atyrau and Uralsk. The study uses a mixed method research design combining qualitative and quantitative analysis of multilingual urban texts accompanied by semi-structured ethnographic interviews with owners of commercial establishments. In our analysis, we specify various dynamic and creative forms of mixing the state Kazakh, interethnic Russian, international English and/or other local languages such as Uzbek and Arabic. We demonstrate how these languages are involved in the creation of symbolic meanings and attraction of potential consumers and contribute to the construction of the urban space of the western region of Kazakhstan. We provide illustrations of the ever-growing presence of English in multilingual written urban texts of the region as a symbol of modernity, high quality, innovation, technical progress and prestige. We also show the indexical potential of the Kazakh and Russian languages as markers of local affiliation and tradition, and the Uzbek and Arabic languages as symbols of the Turkic and Islamic cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of World Water Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)