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Introduction: The Theileria annulata is a haemo protozoan parasite that causes economically significant fatal tick-borne diseases in domesticated and wild animals. Methodology: The research focused on identifying Theileria annulata infection in both cattle and buffalo through molecular methods. To achieve this, DNA extraction was conducted using whole blood samples, followed by the design of specific primers for Theileria annulata and subsequent PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis. Results: Data were also collected on tick infestation and host-parasite relationship. A total of 2400 Cattle and Buffaloes were evaluated during the study. District-wise detection indicated that the highest rate of infected samples was recorded from Peri-Urban (Cattle=88.33%, Buffalo= 61.94%) and Urban areas (Cattle=65.38%, Buffalo=54.10%) of district Hyderabad, while the lowest rate was recorded from Peri-urban (Cattle=24%, Buffalo=17.9%) and Urban (20.38%, Buffalo=16.66%) areas of district Karachi, Month wise detection of Theileria annulata indicated the highest rate in July (Cattle= 74.0%, Buffalo=47.5%) and the lowest rate in December (Cattle=11.7%, Buffalo=18.1%). The prevalence of parasitic infection showed a notable increase (P<0.05) in the areas of the Suburban region than in Cityscape areas. Conclusion: In the molecular identification of Theileria annulata, the infection rate exhibited a notable difference between District Hyderabad and District Karachi, with a higher prevalence in the former and a lower incidence in the latter. Additionally, cattle displayed greater susceptibility to tick infestation in comparison to buffalo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis) belong to the Oxyuridae family which cause enterobiasis, under unsanitary conditions, the Oxyruidae family causes health concerns, particularly in children. Samples were collected from the laboratory of Jinnah Hospital, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. The data of 60 pinworm-infected children were recorded. These children were of various sexes and ages. Pinworm prevalence in children by gender from 2019 to 2020 demonstrates that females have a higher rate of incidence than males because of unsanitary circumstances and hormone production. Traditional pinworm diagnosis via PCR for pinworm detection has been performed. The findings in this research were based on two key factors: molecular analysis and statistical analysis. When traditional morphological techniques used with, molecular biology technologies it has proven to be effective in distinguishing closely related species. Statistical analysis is used to determine the intensity of infection in relation to age and gender. This study will focus on children who are suspected of being afflicted with pinworms. The presence of adult worms or ova in the feces is required to make proper diagnosis. The swabbing of the perianal region is utilized to determine the presence of eggs in feces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]