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The current study was designed to uncover the chemistry and bioactivity potentials of Bupleurum lancifolium growing wild in Jordan. In this context, the fresh aerial parts obtained from the plant material were subjected to hydrodistillation followed by GC/MS analysis. The main components of the HDEO were γ-patchoulene (23.79%), β-dihydro agarofuran (23.50%), α-guaiene (14.11%), and valencene (13.28%). Moreover, the crude thanolic extract was partitioned to afford two main major fractions, the aqueous methanol (BLM) and butanol (BLB). Phytochemical investigation of both fractions, using conventional chromatographic techniques followed by careful inspection of the spectral data for the isolated compounds (NMR, IR, and UV-Vis), resulted in the characterization of five known compounds, including α-spinasteryl (M1), ethyl arachidate (M2), ethyl myristate (M3), quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-4")-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (B1), and isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-4")-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (B2). The TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity testing of both fractions and HDEO revealed an interesting ABTS scavenging potential of the BLB fraction compared to the employed positive controls, which is in total agreement with its high TP and TF contents. Cytotoxic evaluation tests revealed that BLM had interesting cytotoxic effects on the normal breast cell line MDA-MB-231 (ATCC–HTB-26) and the normal dermal fibroblast (ATCC® PCS-201-012) and normal African green monkey kidney Vero (ATCC-CCL-81) cell lines. Despite both the BLB and BLM fractions showing interesting AChE inhibition activities (IC50 = 217.9 ± 5.3 µg/mL and 139.1 ± 5.6 µg/mL, respectively), the HDEO revealed an interestingly high AChE inhibition power (43.8 ± 2.7 µg/mL) that far exceeds the one observed for galanthamine (91.4 ± 5.2 µg/mL). The HDEO, BLM, and BLB exhbitied no interesting antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was designed to reveal the main groups of secondary metabolites in the methanol (M) and acetone (A) extracts from four Euphorbia species from Jordan. The extracts of these species were also tested for their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity, and cytotoxic effects against human MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Different groups of secondary metabolites were found in the M and A extracts of E. hierosolymitana, E. aleppica, E. petiolata, and E. prostrata. All extracts had moderately high TPC and TFC. Of all species, both extracts of E. aleppica had an exceptionally high TFC that far exceeded its content in all other extracts (1462.67 ± 0.04; 1600.44 ± 0.03 mg quercetin equivalents/g of extract, respectively). E. prostrata extracts had high amounts of TPC (182.61 ± 0.12; 187.35 ± 0.07 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract) and TFC (629.78 ± 0.00; 774.22 ± 0.01 mg quercetin/g extract). Extracts obtained from the tested Euphorbia species had moderate high antioxidant activity, but the DPPH and ABTS-scavenging activity of the E. prostrata extracts was the highest, but were lower than those observed for the the positive controls (range 0.004-0.009 mg/mL). The methanol extract of E. hierosolymitana also showed strong DPPH scavenging activity (0.007 ± 0.002 mg/mL). The acetone extract of E. prostrata showed much stronger anticancer activity than the positive control drug, doxorubicin (62.5±3.71 mg/mL), against the human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 (HTB-26TM) cell line (IC50 value: 58 ± 3.71 µg/mL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different drying techniques may alter the chemical composition of plant extracts and consequently affect their bioactivity potential. The current study was designed to reveal the effect of four different drying methods on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of hydrodistilled essential oil (HD-EO) and methanolic (APM) extract obtained from the aerial part of Anthemis palestina from Jordan. Aerial parts of A. palestina in their fresh (FR) form and after drying in shade (ShD), sun (SD), oven at 40 °C (O40D) and 60 °C (O60D), in addition to microwave (MWD), were used to extract their essential oils by hydrodistillation and to prepare the different methanolic extracts (APM). GC/MS analysis of the different HD-EOs revealed qualitative and quantitative differences among the different samples. While FR, O40D, O60D, and MWD EO samples contained mainly sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (35.43%, 29.04%, 53.69%, and 59.38%, respectively), ShD sample was rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (33.57%), and SD-EO contained mainly oxygenated sesquiterpenes (40.36%). Principal component analysis (PCA) and Cluster analysis (CA) grouped the different drying methods based on their impact on the concentration of chemical constituents. SD-EO demonstrated high DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activity (1.31 ± 0.03) × 10−2; (1.66 ± 0.06) × 10−2 μg/mL, respectively). Furthermore, A. paleistina methanolic extracts (APM) obtained after subjecting the plant to different drying methods showed interesting patterns in terms of their TPC, TFC, antioxidant activity, and phytochemical profiling. Of all extracts, SD-APM extract had the highest TPC (105.37 ± 0.19 mg GA/g DE), highest TFC (305.16 ± 3.93 mg Q/g DE) and demonstrated the highest DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities ((4.42 ± 0.02) × 10−2; (3.87 ± 0.02) × 10−2 mg/mL, respectively); all were supported by correlation studies. LC-MS/MS analysis of the different extracts revealed the richness of the SD-APM extract in phenolic acids and flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Scrophularia is one of the largest genera belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family. Different members of the genus exhibit an interesting, wide spectrum of bioactivities. Accordingly, the current study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the chemical composition of the essential oil of Scrophularia peyronii Post. from Jordan. Additionally, extracts obtained from the aerial parts with solvents of different polarities were assayed for their phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant activities. The major constituents detected in the essential oil, as revealed by GC/MS analysis, contained mainly Z,Z-farnesyl acetone (11.04%), β-elemene (6.36%), n-octanal (5.98%), and spathulenol (4.58%). Each of the aqueous methanol (Sp-M) and butanol (Sp-B) extracts contained flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinone, and glycosides. Both extracts were evaluated for their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and their in vitro antioxidant activity, which were assayed using the DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging methods. Additionally, the two extracts were then subjected to LC-ESI-MS/MS for the qualitative determination of their secondary metabolite content, especially in flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The results showed that the Sp-B extract of S. peyronii had the highest contents of both phenolic compounds and flavonoids and showed high radical scavenging activity, as determined by the two assay methods, when compared with the Sp-M extract. The LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis resulted in the detection of 21 compounds, including 8 flavonoids, 6 phenolic acids, 6 iridoids, and 2 acids. Although the majority of compounds were detected in both extracts, it was noticed that scropolioside B, 6′-O-cinnamoylharpagide, isoferulic acid, and 6-O-methylcatapol were only detected in the Sp-M fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of Ballota saxatilis Sieber ex C.Presl from Jordan has been elucidated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, aqueous methanol (BsA), Butanol (BsB) and water (BsW) extracts were screened for their total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities using the 2,2 Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) methods. The most potent extracts were screened for their phenolic acids and flavonoid content using liquid the chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique. The results indicated that the essential oil predominantly contained cis-pinane (14.76%), β-caryophyllene (8.91%) and allo-aromadendrene epoxide (6.39%). Among the different extracts investigated, the BsB fraction had the most TPC and TFC (455.79 ± 1.03 µg gallic acid/g dry extract; 272.62 ± 8.28 µg quercetin/g dry extract, respectively) and had the best radical and radical cation scavenging activities, as determined using the DPPH and ABTS methods. Quantitative and qualitative LC-MS analyses of BsA and BsB using LC-MS revealed each of the kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (30.29%), chrysoeriol-7-glucoside (7.93%) and luteolin 7-o-glucoside (7.76%) as the main constituents of the BsA fraction. The BsB fraction was rich in 7,4′-dimethoxy-3-hydroxyflavone (34.68%), kaempferol-3,7,4′-trimethyl ether (29.17%) and corymbosin (9.66%) and lower concentration levels of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (1.63%) and chrysoeriol-7-glucoside (0.51%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pivotal Cleome arabica L. species belongs to the Cleome genus with fascinating secondary metabolites consisting of main classes of phenols, flavonoids, and glucosinolate derivatives. The current study was carried out on three crude extracts of Cleome arabica L. plant of Jordanian origin. In terms of the valuable resources for natural new drug development. The phytochemical contents, antioxidants, and antibacterial activities, in addition to the oil composition of this species were identified. Forty-six compounds representing 96.98% of the total composition were detected from the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation (0.06%). The oil composition was dominated by nitrogen-sulfur-containing compounds (35.66%), esters (19.64%), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (11.92%). Butanol extract had significantly the best scavenging activities of DPPH (P <.0001), ABTS (P <.0001), and hydroxyl radicals (P <.0001) while the Aq.MeOH extract exhibits the highest flavonoid content (173.5 ± 0.002 mg Quercetin/g dry extract) and had significantly the most ferrous chelating effect (P =.0011). Also, most of the tested extracts showed antibacterial activities against bacterial strains. Our findings exhibited that the Cleome arabica L. plant from Jordan origin might be a good candidate as potential biologically compounds that could be used as a source of natural antioxidants and antibacterial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation of the chemical constituents of Salvia judaica growing wild in Jordan led to the isolation and identification of 15 known compounds. These included: luteolin-3′-methyl ether (1), indole-3-carboxyaldehyde (2), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3), tricin (4), apigenin (5), methyl isoferuloyl-7-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) lactate (6), methyl rosmarinate (7), rosmarinic acid (8), salvigenin (9), β-sitosterol (10), 3β, 28-dihydroxyurs-12-ene (11), cirsilineol (12), 2,3-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (13), β-sitosteryl glucoside (14), and tormentic acid (15). Compounds 6 and 7 exhibited strong radical scavenging and chelating activities as compared to α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid, compound 7 showed a 2-fold greater antioxidant activity as compared to compound 6. Furthermore, low doses of compounds 6 and 7 were able to inhibit the growth of leukemic (HL-60, Jurkat, K562 and CCRF-SB) and solid tumor cells (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and Caco-2). Compound 7 showed a ca. 3–4-fold stronger cytotoxicity against the tested cells as compared to compound 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical screening of the different extracts obtained from each of Capparis spinosa L. and Capparis decidua Edgew (Forssk.) from Jordan revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and glycosides. In addition, the total phenolic content (TPC, expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE)) and total flavonoids content (TFC, expressed as mg quercetin/g of dry extract) for the crude extracts of C. spinosa and C. decidua were also evaluated. the antioxidant activity of the crude extracts obtained from both plants were assayed. Morevoer, the antioxidant activities of the crude extracts of both plants were evaluated using different methods including the DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating (FIC) and hydroxyl radical assay (HR) methods. The different screening results showed that the butanol extracts of both C. Spinosa and C. Decidua, contained the highest phenolics and flavonoids contents and exhibited the greatest antioxidant activities in all used assay methods. Results of the present study showed that antioxidant activities of C. Spinosa and C. Decidua have a direct relationship with their phenolic compounds and flavonoids content. The current study also revealed a good correlation between the total phenolic contents and the observed antioxidant activity of the crude extracts of C. spinosa and C. decidua. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of crude extracts obtained from three Asclepiadaceae species, namely, Calotropis procera L., Peruglaria tomentosa L., and Pentatropis spiralis (Forsk.) Decne. Both butanol and aq. methanol extracts of the three species showed the highest amount of phenol and flavonoid contents, which exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity in the scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation (ABTS), ferrous chelating effect (FIC), and hydroxyl radical (HDR) assays. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, sponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and glycosides. LC-MS analysis was carried out to identify the major compounds from each crude extract. A total of 12 phenolic compounds in the extracts of the 3 species were identified and quantified, including 9 flavonoids, 2 hydroxybenzoic acids, and 3 hydroxycinnamic acids. The current study also revealed a good correlation between total phenolic contents and the observed antioxidant activity of the crude extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several Sedum species, such as S. album L., S. acre L., S. palaestinum Bieb, and S. pallidum are used in traditional medicine to heal wounds, hemorrhoids, constipation, food fungi, and as laxative and diuretic agents. Materials and Methods: In this study, the antimicrobial activities of the hexane, n-butanol and aqueous methanol extracts as well as the essential oil from Jordanian sedum microcarpum (Sm.) schönl were investigated and Analysis of the oil constituents by using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Conclusion: The hexane extract showed no antibacterial activity against seven strains. The butanol and aqueous methanol extracts were active against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus and the Gram negative bacteria including Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Serratia marcescens. Phytochemical screening of the active extracts revealed the presence of a mixture of quinones, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids. The essential oil showed moderate activities against the tested strains. Analysis of the oil using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometer (GC/MS) revealed a complex mixture of aldehydes, mono- and sesquiterpenes in addition to alkaloids. Oxygenated monoterpenes dominated the different classes of compounds detected (36.39%). The major volatile constituents from S. microcarpum included Myrtenol (21.7%), Caryophyllene oxide (8.2%) and z-1, 6-dioldihydromyrcene (5.87%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical investigation of Gynandriris sisyrinchium (L.) Parl growing in Jordan resulted in the isolation and characterization of a total of twelve compounds two of which are reported here for the first time in nature. These new compounds included the isoflavones; 3′-methyl tenuifone ( 2 ) and gynandrinone ( 5 ). In addition, ten known compounds including; β-sitosterol ( 1 ), 7,3′-dimethoxy-5,6,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone ( 3 ), iristectorigenin ( 4 ), hispidulin ( 6 ), galangustin ( 7 ), 6-hydroxybiochanin A ( 8 ), ursolic acid ( 9 ), ladanetin ( 10 ), 4′-O-methylgenistein ( 11 ) and β-sitosterol glucoside ( 12 ) are also reported here for the first time from G. sisyrinchium . The isolated compounds were characterized by different spectroscopic methods including NMR (1D and 2D), UV, IR and MS (HRESIMS and EIMS). The antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of isoflavones 2 , 3 and 5 were investigated. Compound 3 showed the highest antioxidant activity (IC 50 = 17.3 μg/mL), as compared to compounds 5 and 2 (IC 50 = 26.7 and 51.7 μg/mL, respectively). The cytotoxic activity against the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells revealed that compound 2 was the most active (40 μM). The results indicate that the cytotoxicity of compound 2 is mediated by apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]