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As Jordan advances in an attempt to promote greywater reuse, it is important to investigate the composition of bacteria in these new sources. To evaluate the presence of enteric pathogens in greywater, a pilot study investigating enteric pathogens in household washing machines and kitchen sink effluents from residential premises was conducted. In the culture-dependent method, bacteria were identified after using Sanger sequencing of 16S rRNA. Bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria have been found to be the most abundant phyla, which may indicate that they play an important environmental role and might be representative of adaptation to different environments. Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were the two major genera found in this study and accounted for 78.57% of the total isolates. This is the first investigation of enteric pathogens in household washing machines and kitchen sink effluents in Jordan. To my knowledge no study has identified the microbial hazards associated with greywater reuse in Jordan yet. Additional research with more adequate methodology is needed to assist our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Jordan's limited water resources have reduced daily water consumption, leading to a highly concentrated greywater production rate of 54 million cubic meters per year. The presence of nitrate ions, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, and biological oxygen demand in greywater poses excellent environmental and health risks when disposed untreated. Water scarcity directly impacts water and food security and is expected to intensify at the current resources management practices. The significance of the current and predictable water shortage in the context of sustainable development and the presence of new technologies brought further attention to utilizing non-conventional water sources. Reclamation of treated wastewater, greywater, brackish, and seawater desalination is Jordan's water budget's only non-conventional water resource. This study aims to address Jordan's water scarcity crisis by developing a low-energy, solar-powered greywater filtration system using natural materials while ensuring compliance with Jordanian standards for safe agricultural applications. METHODS: Several treatment methods have been proposed; however, most of these systems require high to medium energy levels for treatment purposes. Hence, the running cost of the system is relatively high. To address this issue, a four-stage, low-energy, green, and decentralized solar filtration system for greywater treatment has been developed, which uses natural materials available in Jordan and activated carbon to reduce organic and solids content and remove pathogens. The system also uses hot water generated by a Photovoltaic solar system to sanitize the greywater, a novel concept of approach for sanitization. This innovative system is powered entirely by solar energy and can be installed in individual homes. FINDINGS: The results of the developed solar filtration system were very efficient in reducing turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and Escherichia coli removal: 92, 95, and 100 percent, respectively. Furthermore, the system showed a high potential for total coliforms and Escherichia coli inactivation, reaching 4.64 and 3.15 log units, respectively. Product water meets Jordan standards, ensuring safe reuse for irrigation applications. The findings of this study highlight the satisfactory performance of the developed greywater solar filtration setup. The economic feasibility analysis demonstrates that the proposed system is economically viable and financially sound. The system's reliance on solar energy and the absence of consumables contribute to its sustainability. They are addressing sustainable practices in greywater treatment in addition to water scarcity concerns. CONCLUSION: The treated greywater, obtained through the series of treatment steps, including solar disinfection, successfully met the Jordanian standards for safe reuse. The substantial reduction of Escherichia coli and total coliforms to acceptable levels demonstrates the treatment system's effectiveness in generating pathogen-free greywater, suitable for a wide range of applications. The study concludes that the solar filtration setup consistently delivers high-quality, pathogen-free greywater, meeting stringent regulatory requirements. This innovative, sustainable system offers a viable solution to Jordan's water scarcity, introducing a new non-conventional water resource that requires no consumables (non-chemical, non-hazardous materials), thereby addressing sustainability concerns in greywater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greywater recycling is viewed as a promising option to help bridge the enlarging gap between supply and demand in water stress areas. However, greywater recycling may negatively impact the strength and flow of the black water, which may complicate its treatment. In this paper, the impact of greywater recycling on the black water strength and flow have been investigated for three different wastewaters from Greece, Jordan and Oman, which exemplifies three different socioeconomic cases. Seven scenarios have been investigated for the Greece case, while four scenarios have been investigated for each of the Jordan and the Oman cases. The number of scenarios for each case is mainly dependent on the number of possible independent combinations of all greywater streams that can be recycled. The results showed that the black water strength and flow are slightly impacted by greywater recycling for toilet flushing. However, when greywater is recycled for irrigation, the impact on the black water strength and flow varied considerably among the scenarios, in response to the wastewater and greywater characteristics; flow and concentration. Furthermore, significant differences have been observed among the three socioeconomic cases, considered in this paper, in terms of the black water characteristics, and greywater recycling options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the performance of a new treatment method for greywater called the Drawer Compacted Sand Filter (DCSF). This is a modified sand filter design in which the sand filter is broken down into several layers approximately 10 cm high, each of which is placed in a movable drawer that is stacked vertically, with each drawer separated by 10 cm of space. This treatment unit is seeking to overcome the problems commonly found in traditional sand filter designs, such as clogging, emission of bad odours and need for a large land area to house the filter. Nine pilot DCSF units were operated at different locations in Jordan during the period of 2011–2013. Composite water samples from the inlet and outlets of the DCSF over a period of 18 months were taken periodically and tested for BOD 5 , COD, TSS, pH, EC and E.coli . A socio-economic study was conducted to evaluate the validity and feasibility of the DCSF. The results showed that DCSF removed 78–96% of BOD 5 and COD and 69–98% of TSS. E.coli removal was various across the DCSF units, ranging from 1 log to 6 logs. The focus group discussion and the analysis of economic benefits showed that DCSF unit was acceptable and feasible treatment method for greywater with minimal maintenance requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this literature review were to: (i) evaluate the impact of greywater generated in rural communities, with the emphasis on Jordanian conditions, on soil, plant and public health and assess the need for treatment of this greywater before it is used for irrigation, and (ii) assess the potential of different types of organic by-products as carrier material in different filter units for removal of pollutants from greywater. Greywater with high BOD5, COD, high concentrations of SS, fat, oil and grease and high levels of surfactants is commonly found in rural areas in Jordan. Oxygen depletion, odour emission, hydrophobic soil phenomena, plant toxicity, blockage of piping systems and microbiological health risks are common problems associated with greywater without previous treatment. Organic by-products such as wood chips, bark, peat, wheat straw and corncob may be used as carrier material in so-called mulch filters for treating wastewater and greywater from different sources. A down-flow-mode vertical filter is a common setup used in mulch filters. Wastewaters with a wide range of SS, cBOD5 and COD fed into different mulch filters have been studied. The different mulch materials achieved SS removal ranging between 51 and 91%, a BOD5 reduction range of 55-99.9%, and COD removal of 51-98%. Most types of mulches achieved a higher organic matter removal than that achieved by an ordinary septic tank. Bark, peat and wood chips filters removed organic matter better than sand and trickling filters, under similar conditions. Release of filter material and increase in COD in the effluent was reported using some mulch materials. In conclusion, some mulch materials such as bark, peat and woodchips seem to have a great potential for treatment of greywater in robust, low-tech systems. They can be expected to be resilient in dealing with variable low and high organic loads and shock loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper aims at documenting the experience of the Environmental Research Center at the Royal Scientific Society in stakeholder participation in greywater management (treatment and reuse) in the rural communities in the northeastern Badia of Jordan. Stakeholders participating in the management process included local people, nongovernmental organizations, community-based organizations, governmental authorities, scientists and experts from universities and research institutions. The local stakeholders committee, NGOs, CBOs and local people have participated in capacity-building programs, data collection, situation analysis, problems identification, selection of types and locations of treatment technologies and construction and operation of treatment units and reuse projects. Experts, scientists and governmental entities contributed to the development of a treatment technology selection matrix and identification the best technology that suits the study area. The study reveals that the incorporation of input from a broad range of sectors and stakeholders during the project insured cooperative management of the greywater resources and enhanced project quality and ownership. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]