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Previous findings on relationships between inhibition that is a core executive function, and trait rumination have been inconsistent. This inconsistency could be overcome by investigating the association between rumination and the two subcomponents of inhibition: response inhibition and attentional inhibition. This study examined whether and how response inhibition and attentional inhibition were related to rumination as well as worry. University students in Japan (N = 213) conducted the Go/No-Go Task and the Modified Stroop Task. They also completed self-report measures of depression, trait rumination, trait worry, stressors, and aggressive behaviors. Results indicated that response inhibition deficits were positively associated with trait rumination, and this association was mediated by increases in aggressive behaviors and interpersonal stressors. The associations between these variables remained significant even after controlling for depression level. There were no significant direct or indirect associations between attentional inhibition deficits and rumination. These results suggest that response inhibition deficits, among the subcomponents of inhibition, have an indirect positive association with rumination through interpersonal processes. Results also showed nonsignificant differences between rumination and worry in the magnitude of correlation coefficients with the two subcomponents of inhibition. Therefore, it remains unclear whether the positive association with response inhibition is unique to rumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on the relationship between rumination and behavioral impulsivity has been limited because impulsivity was assessed by using individual tasks. This study examined the concurrent associations of a latent variable named impulsive action with rumination and depression to alleviate the task-impurity problem and the low reliability of laboratory tasks assessing impulsivity. This study also examined whether stressors mediated the association between impulsive action and rumination. University students in Japan (N = 176) conducted three laboratory tasks assessing impulsive action: the Go/No-Go Task, the Stop Signal Task, and the Conners Continuous Performance Test 3rd Edition. They also completed self-report measures of rumination, stressors, and depression. Results indicated that the latent variable named impulsive action constructed from the performance in these three tasks was positively associated with rumination. Moreover, stressors mediated this association. Also, impulsive action was positively associated with depression via the increase in stressors and rumination. These findings and those of previous studies examining associations between rumination and self-reported impulsivity suggest that impulsivity might be a determinant of rumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated school readiness in Brazilian (Portuguese-Japanese dual language learner or DLL) 5-year-olds in Japan (1) by examining their language skills, executive function (EF), and theory of mind (ToM) in comparison to their monolingual peers and (2) by investigating the developmental relations between these three skills. DLLs scored lower than monolinguals in Japanese language skills, specifically in receptive vocabulary and the understanding of complement clauses in Japanese. DLLs and monolinguals performed similarly in EF, particularly in inhibitory control tasks measuring interference suppression and response inhibition. However, monolinguals outperformed DLLs in ToM tasks assessing false belief understanding. Finally, DLLs' interference suppression and understanding of complement clauses were both positively related to their false belief understanding. In conclusion, DLLs had school readiness difficulties in Japanese language skills and ToM, but not in EF, compared to their Japanese monolingual peers. Furthermore, the positive relationship of language and EF skills with ToM development, which is commonly reported in monolingual children, extended to an understudied population of DLLs in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anxiety disorders are prevalent among adolescents; however, without objective behavioral markers, anxiety disorders in adolescent populations may often go undiagnosed. Response inhibition is considered as a possible behavioral marker, based on the results with two-gate design, which can aid in early detection of anxiety disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between response inhibition and anxiety using a large-scale population-based adolescent sample with single-gate design.Methods: We used data from the Tokyo Teen Cohort study which was a population-based survey in adolescence. Anxiety was assessed by the Child Behavior Checklist answered by primary caregivers. Response inhibition was measured using the Go/No-Go task. We estimated Pearson's correlation coefficient to test the relationship between response inhibition and anxiety.Results: A total of 2,434 adolescents aged 11-13 years were included in our analyses. We found a significant but weak correlation between response inhibition and adolescent anxiety (r = 0.07, confidence interval 0.03-0.11, p < 0.001). Similar results were shown in most of subgroups according to gender, age, and intelligence.Limitations: The primary outcome was assessed only via parent-reported questionnaire, leading to potential informant bias.Conclusions: Response inhibition may not be considered as a suitable behavioral marker of adolescent anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence is a central element of comic book screen adaptations in both Hollywood (Marvel, DC) and Japan. Yet while sexual violence is openly shown in film versions of manga, coded sexualised violence dominates Western productions. Positively connoted protagonists exercise violence, but no sexualised or sexual violence, in both groups. Conversely, villains are characterised by violence and some form of sexually grounded violence, but in Western films, they are ultimately repressed lechers, and only in Japanese productions do they rampantly lose their inhibitory control. Moreover, the heroes of Japanese films are noticeably less chaste than the almost asceticcelibate romantics of Marvel and DC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of inhibitory processes is disturbed in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, little is known about the effect of negative punishment for inhibitory performance in this population. We investigated differences in the effects of reward and punishment, developmental changes, and response inhibition between children with and without ADHD, using financial (F-FB) and non-financial (NF-FB) feedback. We conducted financial and non-financial go/no-go tasks under reward and punishment conditions with 21 boys with ADHD and 21 healthy controls (HCs), in Japan. We found group-related significant interactions between group, feedback type, and punishment (p =.013), and group, feedback type, and age (p =.009). There were significant differences in inhibitory error under F-FB only in HCs between the punishment-absent and punishment-present conditions (p =.003). In the ADHD group, age-dependent effects were found for both feedback types (p s <.01), but only F-FB effects were found in HCs (p =.008). Punishment for inhibitory control had different effects on the ADHD and HC groups. Children with ADHD respond differently to external motivation than HCs, leading to difficulties with peers or confusion among teachers and caregivers. • Inhibitory control punishment effects in ADHD sample differ from a control group. • Inhibitory control reward effects in ADHD sample do not differ from control group. • Financial feedback punishment results differed for control but not ADHD group. • Financial and non-financial feedback results in age-dependent effects in ADHD group. • Age-dependent effects in control group were present only after financial feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the inhibitory effect of finasteride 1 mg on the metabolism of omeprazole in genetically determined extensive (EMs) and poor metabolizers (PMs) for CYP2C19 in young healthy Japanese male subjects. Twenty-four volunteers participated in this study, among whom 12 were homozygous EMs and 12 were PMs for CYP2C19. A single center, controlled, randomized, open, crossover study with a 5 day washout between the two study periods was performed. Each of the six EMs and PMs received a single oral 20 mg dose of omeprazole on day 1 (treatment I). After a 5 day washout period, these subjects received 1 mg of finasteride once a day for three consecutive days, and a single oral 20 mg dose of omeprazole was co-administered on day 3 (treatment II). The 12 other EMs and PMs received treatments I and II in reverse. Plasma samples were collected for up to a 12 hours postdose of omeprazole, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of omeprazole were determined. The geometric mean ratio (GMR) for the AUC(0–12 hr) of omeprazole when co-administered with finasteride/omeprazole alone is 1.13 (90%CI, 1.03, 1.25) and 0.96 (0.88, 1.05) in EMs and PMs, respectively. Finasteride did not significantly alter Cmax, Tmax and t1/2 in both genotypes. Finasteride 1 mg, widely used for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men, did not meaningfully increase omeprazole exposure (20 mg) in both EMs and PMs for CYP2C19. These results indicate that finasteride does not meaningfully inhibit CYP2C19 activity in vivo at the dose of 1 mg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]