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Farm tax levied in kind was an important fiscal and economic system implemented by the National Government during the period of the Anti-Japanese War and it turned out to be a relatively successful policy. In the process of implementing the system, various interest groups, including the central government, the local government, ministries of the central government, and farmers, were in conflict and competed with one another to maximize their respective interests. Fortunately, in the special period of national crisis, while maximizing their own interests, all parties arrived at a compromise to balance their interests, which promoted the successful implementation of the farm tax levied in kind and provided the necessary resources needed by the war against Japanese invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chaga mushroom, Inonotus obliquus, was used as food and nutrient food and traditional herbs in Russia, China and Japan, with anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Chemical investigations of the fruiting bodies of Chaga were carried to uncover the bioactive metabolites. As a result, seven undescribed lanostane-type triterpenoids, namely inonotusols H-N, were isolated, and all lanostanoids remarkably inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Of these, inonotusols I and L presented the most potent inhibitory effects on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NO production without any significant cytotoxicity. Molecular docking studies confirmed the capacity of inonotusols I and L to interact with iNOS protein. Structure-activity relationships were also discussed. These results indicated that the potential anti-inflammatory effects of inonotusols I and L in microglial BV-2 cells may be imparted through suppression of iNOS. These results may support the use of I. obliquus for food and medicinal application., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)