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Abstract: This paper uses the traditional variance ratio test of Lo and MacKinlay (1988, 1989), the non-parametric-based variance ratio test of Wright (2000) and the multiple-variance ratio test of Chow and Denning (1993), to re-examine the validity of the weak form efficient market hypothesis for foreign exchange markets in four floating-rate markets in neighboring Asian economies (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines). The results show that the random walk patterns of the exchange rate return series cannot be rejected, with the one exception of Taiwan, where inefficiency is shown to be most prominent. We therefore conclude that the foreign exchange markets of Japan, South Korea and the Philippines are weak form efficient, while the foreign exchange market of Taiwan is inefficient. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Small intestine disease endangers human health and is not easy to locate and diagnose., Aim: To observe the effect of the MS series of small intestine endoscopes on the gastrointestinal tract, the changes in serum gastrin levels and intestinal tissue, and the time required for the examination., Methods: In vivo experiments in 20 Living pigs were conducted, Bowel preparation was routinely performed, Intravenous anesthesia with propofol and ketamine was applied, the condition of the small intestine was observed and the detection time of the MS series of small intestine endoscopes were recorded, The changes in intestinal tissue using the MS series of small intestine endoscopes observed and compared before and after the examination, Venous blood (3-5 mL) from pigs was collected before and after the experiment; changes in intestinal tissue after use of the MS series of small intestine endoscopes observed after examination. After completion of each type of small intestine endoscope experiment, the pigs were allowed to rest and the next type of small intestine endoscope experiment was performed after 15 days of normal feeding. The detection time data of the single-balloon small intestine endoscope and double-balloon small intestine endoscope were collected from four hospitals., Results: One case of Ascarislumbricoides , one of suspected Crohn's disease, one small intestinal diverticulum and one anesthesia accident were observed in pigs. The small intestine showed no differences in the MS series of small intestine endoscopes and there were no differences in serum gastrin between the groups ( P > 0.05). The time required for inspection was recorded, and the overall detection time for the Japanese small intestine endoscopes was approximately 1.68 ± 0.16 h., Conclusion: Intestinal ascariasis is a common disease in pigs. Some pigs have abnormal intestinal variation. After continuous upgrade and improvement, the MS-3 and MS-4 small intestine endoscope appear superior in terms of detection time., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: Xue-Jun Sun has received fees for serving as a speaker for The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Jin-Hua Liu has received research funding from Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation; Yong-Feng Yuan is an employee of Harbin Institute of Technology; Shu-Mei Shan owns stocks and/or shares in Dalian Mingsheng Technology Development Company; Jin-Hua Liu and Dan-Yang Liu owns patent Built-in Straw type small intestine endoscope: China, 200920351611.5 [P]. 2010-09-08; and Catheter balloon type small intestine endoscope: China, 200920351612.X [P]. 2010-09-08., (©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)