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Renewable energy (RE) sources like wind and solar power have been introduced to power systems to make the energy market more sustainable and environmentally friendly. For this reason, the supply-demand mismatch in power systems is more severe than before, in terms of both frequency and magnitude. It is therefore necessary to reinforce the capability to make supply and demand adjustments in power grids. Here, we clarified the dynamic characteristics of biogas plants with combined heat and power (CHP) systems, that represent controllable RE power sources, and evaluated the possibility of using these systems as a new resource for supply-demand adjustments in the power grid. Additionally, the properties of the exhaust gas from the investigated CHP engines were measured as an environmental evaluation. We considered real-world biogas CHP systems operating in both Germany and Japan. Based on the results, biogas CHP systems have the potential to contribute to a long-term power equivalent adjustment such as tertiary control reserve (TCR) in Germany. However, these systems required several minutes between starting and stopping. Furthermore, increased emissions of methane and formaldehyde were measured when the CHP systems were starting up. We found that an operation with as few starts and stops as possible is therefore desirable. • Evaluation of the dynamic characteristics of actual biogas CHP systems. • Investigation of load response with biogas CHP systems operating in Germany and Japan. • Analysis of load adjustment as well as start-up and shut-down behavior of CHP systems. • Measurement exhaust gas emissions during supply-demand adjustment. • Biogas CHP systems can contribute to long-term power equivalent adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Dynamic modeling and simulation of an off-grid microgrid in Japan. • Real-time experimental validation of the simulation model by an indoor test system architecture. • The 48-hour validation results reveal minor inaccuracies. • Simulation with real-time simulation, reveals the sufficiency factor above 1. • It demonstrated the necessity of comprehending hybrid microgrids in Japan. Microgrids are essential for creating next-generation energy systems because they allow loads, energy storage systems (ESS), and distributed energy resources (DER) to be efficiently and seamlessly integrated. This study presents the dynamic modeling and simulation of an off-grid direct current (DC) microgrid consisting of the photovoltaic (PV) panel, wind turbine, battery, and a DC load incorporating simple, comprehensible, and well-established component-based power control strategies for quality power output. In addition, the main emphasis is on the real-time experimental validation of the dynamic simulation model achieved by designing and developing an indoor test system architecture. A 48-hourly meteorological dataset from Fukuoka, Japan, was used to validate the developed model. The results show a reasonable range of Root-mean-square deviation (RMSE), suggesting that the simulation model can precisely depict the model the dynamic operation of a hybrid DC microgrid system. Furthermore, detailed scenario analysis for sunny, windy, rainy, and cloudy considering real-time meteorological conditions for 72 h of simulation reveals that the proposed microgrid system can effectively meet the load in any situation with a sufficiency factor above 1, making it a self-sustaining hybrid renewable microgrid for residential areas in Japan. The study highlights the significance of understanding microgrid operation energy management with actual implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]