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A strictly aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and red-orange pigmented bacterium, designated strain KMM 6395(T), was isolated from the green alga Cladophora stimpsoni and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the novel strain affiliated to the family Hyphomonadaceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria being most closely related to the type strain of the single species of the genus Litorimonas, Litorimonas taeanensis G5(T), with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.8 %. Strain KMM 6395(T) grew with 1-5 % NaCl and at 4-35 °C, hydrolysed starch and Tween 80. The DNA G+C content was 48.7 mol%. The prevalent fatty acids were C18:1 ω7c, C19:1 ω8c and C18:1 ω7c 10-methyl. The polar lipid profile was characterized by the presence of phosphatidylglycerol, monoglycosyldiglyceride, glucuronopyranosyldiglyceride and an unidentified glycolipid. The major respiratory quinone was Q-10. The significant molecular distinctiveness between the novel isolate and its nearest neighbour, L. taeanensis G5(T), were strongly supported by the differences in physiological and biochemical tests. Therefore, strain KMM 6395(T) represents a novel species of the genus Litorimonas, for which the name Litorimonas cladophorae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMM 6395(T) (=KCTC 23968(T) = LMG 26985(T)). The emended descriptions of the genus Litorimonas and L. taeaensis are also provided.

A Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, slightly halophilic bacterium that was motile by gliding, designated KMM 6390(T), was isolated from the coastal green alga Ulva fenestrata collected from the Sea of Japan. A comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain KMM 6390(T) was a member of the genus Winogradskyella, with Winogradskyella echinorum KMM 6211(T) as its closest relative (97.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between the isolate and other members of the genus Winogradskyella were 95.4-96.7%. DNA-DNA relatedness between the isolate and W. echinorum KMM 6211(T) was 27%. Strain KMM 6390(T) was able to grow with 0.5-4.0% NaCl and at 4-37 °C. The isolate decomposed casein, gelatin, starch and DNA and produced acid from galactose, D-glucose, lactose and maltose. The major fatty acids were iso-C(15:0), iso-C(15:1), anteiso-C(15:0) and C(15:0). The polar lipid profile comprised phosphatidylethanolamine and two unknown aminolipids. The DNA G+C content was 34.2 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic investigations, strain KMM 6390(T) represents a novel species of the genus Winogradskyella, for which the name Winogradskyella ulvae sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is KMM 6390(T) (=KCTC 23626(T)=LMG 26444(T)). Emended descriptions of the genus Winogradskyella and of W. thalassocola, W. echinorum, W. exilis and W. eximia are also provided.

Two novel marine, heterotrophic, gliding, Gram-negative, aerobic and orange-pigmented strains were investigated by using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated an affiliation of the novel isolates to the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes. The level of sequence similarity between the strains studied and their closest relatives, the recognized Zobellia species, ranged from 93.2 to 93.9 %. Phylogenetic evidence, supported by several differences in phenotypic characteristics between the novel isolates and Zobellia species such as the absence of nitrate reductase, agarase and gelatinase activities together with the ability to produce acid from galactose, lactose and melibiose, allowed their assignment to a new genus and species, for which the name Kriegella aquimaris gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Kriegella aquimaris is KMM 3665(T) (=KCTC 22188(T) =DSM 19886(T)).

The taxonomic position of three novel, marine, heterotrophic, aerobic, pigmented, gliding bacteria, isolated from the green alga Ulva fenestrata in the Sea of Japan, was determined. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the strains belong to the genus Arenibacter. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments supported by phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data showed that the isolates represent a novel species of the genus Arenibacter, for which the name Arenibacter palladensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMM 3961T (= LMG 21972T = CIP 108849T).

Five heterotrophic, aerobic, halotolerant and pigmented bacterial strains with gliding motility were isolated from Antarctic sea water; one other isolate was collected from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius in the Gulf of Peter the Great in the Sea of Japan. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the strains are members of the family Flavobacteriaceae, the nearest neighbour (with 97.1 % sequence similarity) being the misclassified species [Cytophaga] marinoflava. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments and chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses demonstrated that the six novel isolates represent a single species distinct from [C.] marinoflava. On the basis of its separate phylogenetic lineage (the nearest neighbours show 92 % sequence similarity), [C.] marinoflava is reclassified as Leeuwenhoekiella marinoflava gen. nov., comb. nov. A second species of this new genus, Leeuwenhoekiella aequorea sp. nov., is proposed for the six novel isolates, with strain LMG 22550(T) (=CCUG 50091(T)) as the type strain.

The taxonomic position of four newly isolated marine, heterotrophic, gliding, Gram-negative, aerobic, pigmented, agarolytic bacteria was established. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated affiliation of the isolates to the genus Zobellia in the family Flavobacteriaceae. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments revealed that the strains studied represent three distinct and novel species, for which the names Zobellia amurskyensis sp. nov., Zobellia laminariae sp. nov. and Zobellia russellii sp. nov. are proposed, with KMM 3526T (= LMG 22069T = CCUG 47080T), KMM 3676T (= LMG 22070T = CCUG 47083T) and KMM 3677T (= LMG 22071T = CCUG 47084T), respectively, as the type strains.

Four marine heterotrophic, aerobic, pink-pigmented and non-motile bacterial strains were isolated from sea water and algae collected in the Sea of Japan. In a polyphasic taxonomic study, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the strains were phylogenetically highly related to Algoriphagus ratkowskyi LMG 21435T, a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes. Further phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic analyses revealed that the strains represent three novel species of the genus Algoriphagus, for which the following names are proposed: Algoriphagus aquimarinus sp. nov., Algoriphagus chordae sp. nov. and Algoriphagus winogradskyi sp. nov., with type strains KMM 3958T (= LMG 21971T = CCUG 47101T), KMM 3957T (= LMG 21970T = CCUG 47095T) and KMM 3956T (= LMG 21969T = CCUG 47094T), respectively. The species Hongiella halophila Yi and Chun 2004 is transferred to the genus Algoriphagus as Algoriphagus halophilus comb. nov. because of its close phylogenetic relatedness to Algoriphagus species and analogous phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties. The above-mentioned novel species descriptions and species reclassification justify emended descriptions of the genera Algoriphagus and Hongiella.

Three marine, heterotrophic, aerobic, agarolytic, pigmented and gliding bacteria were isolated in June 2000 from a sea water sample that was collected in the Gulf of Peter the Great, Sea of Japan, and analysed in a polyphasic taxonomic study. 16S rDNA sequence analysis indicated that strains KMM 3664(T), KMM 3669 and KMM 3915 were members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, the isolates were classified in the genus Cellulophaga as members of a novel species, Cellulophaga pacifica sp. nov. The type strain is KMM 3664(T) (=JCM 11735(T)=LMG 21938(T)).

A heterotrophic, pigmented, agarolytic, gliding bacterium was isolated from a seawater sample collected from the Gulf of Peter the Great, Sea of Japan, during June 2000. 16S rDNA sequence analysis indicated that the novel bacterium, strain KMM 3525T, was a member of the phlyum Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, it is proposed that the marine bacterium represents the sole species of a novel genus, Reichenbachia, the type species of which is Reichenbachia agariperforans (KMM 3525T =IFO 16625T =JCM 11238T).