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The number of heart valve surgeries is increasing, and 19,164 patients underwent heart valve surgery in Japan in 2011. The early mortality rate has remained stable for more than 10 years. Many patients now survive for many years, with a reported 10-year survival rate of at least 60 %. However, unfavorable complications can occur after valve surgery. Valve-related complications include thromboembolisms, bleeding complications and prosthetic valve endocarditis, followed by structural and nonstructural prosthetic valve dysfunctions. Our review of studies published after 2000 revealed that the rate of all valve-related complications was 0.7-3.5 % per patient-year. Thromboembolisms occur at a rate of approximately 1 % per patient-year, and bleeding complications occur at almost 0.5 % per patient-year. Thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events related to anticoagulant therapy should be considered during life-long follow-up. The occurrence rate of endocarditis reaches 0.5 % per patient-year, with a poor postoperative survival. Structural dysfunctions have been largely overcome, and the nonstructural dysfunction rate is 0.4-1.2 % per patient-year. The nonstructural dysfunctions induced by paravalvular leaks and pannus ingrowth are also issues that need to be resolved.