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Abstracts, two pain physicians independently reviewed and classified them as acute or chronic pain. Quantitative data on countries, institutions, journals, and research categories were analyzed. VOSviewer software was used for keyword mapping and clustering.Results: We analyzed 808 VR-related articles on pain medicine. Over the past three decades, the number of publications in this field has increased steadily. The United States of America (n = 259) had the highest number of publications. Moreover, China (n = 42), Japan (n = 18), and South Korea (n = 24) also contributed continuously. Acute and chronic pain research accounted for 44.2% and 37.9% of the articles, respectively. The most common acute pain topic was procedure-related (n = 129, 16.0%), whereas the most common chronic pain topic was neuropathic (n = 104, 12.9%). Keywords clustered around neuroscience, pediatric pain management, and chronic pain management.Conclusion: Our study revealed academic achievements and growing interest in VR-related research in pain medicine. Researchers worldwide have shown balanced interest in applying VR technology to acute and chronic pain, with specific contributions from China, Japan, and South Korea. Harnessing VR technology is promising for improving pain management and enhancing patients' quality of life in the field of pain medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although great efforts have been made to address delays in new-drug approvals between different regions, little is known regarding drug lag in Korea. We compared drug lag in Korea with that in Japan, which is well known through many previous studies. Methods: We extracted approval information from public data obtained from the regulatory authorities on all new drugs that were listed in both Korea and Japan between 2009 and 2017. Relative drug lag represented the difference between the date of approval in the country of interest and the date of the first global approval. Relative drug lag was measured as median approval lag. Multiple regression models were used to identify the factors associated with drug lag. The factors considered included origin of substance, nationality of manufacturer, original approval date, orphan drug status, and therapeutic class. Results: In total, 394 new drugs were approved in both countries between 2009 and 2017. The median approval lag was 28.2 and 54.1 months in Korea and Japan, respectively. Domestic company drugs were associated with longer median approval lag in Korea ( β = 12.076 , P =. 015 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\upbeta =12.076, P=.015$$\end{document}), sensory organ drugs were associated with shorter median approval lag in Japan ( β = - 46.144 , P =. 009 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\upbeta =-46.144, P=.009$$\end{document}), and orphan drug status was associated with longer duration of drug approval in Japan ( β = 9.695 , P =. 024 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\upbeta =9.695, P =.024$$\end{document}). Conclusions: Notable drug lags were observed in both Korea and Japan, but the lag was shorter in Korea. Inclusion of global clinical trials and existence of prior knowledge in new drug development were critical to reduce drug lag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The framework of a "wind farm" as an offshore structure with multiple wind power generation units is introduced. In Japan, these offshore structures are designed as floating structures owing to the bathymetry of the deep seafloor. They are situated in open seas, such as the Pacific Ocean or the Sea of Japan, where strong winds are frequent. However, these floating structures are occasionally damaged in rough seas. This can lead to the wind power generation being interrupted for a longer time period. This implies that maintenance and repair work needs to be performed regularly and quickly by specialist engineers. This study aimed to minimize the duration of wind power interruptions and examine various aspects. First, the wave height, wave period, and wave direction were predicted using a machine learning method with the coastal wave database in Japan as training data. Second, the movements of the working ship were reproduced based on the predicted results of the wave parameters to evaluate the safety and practicability of the engineers' transfer from the working ship to the offshore structure for maintenance operations. Finally, an optimal maintenance support system for Japanese offshore structures was devised based on the study results. • Constructing machine learning to predict wave information one week in advance. • Estimating the ratio of significant wave heights below 1.5 m as an indication of calm seas. • The motion response of the working ship is calculated based on predicted wave information. • Safety criteria is different if the feasibility of transfer is evaluated by surge and sway motions. • Number of consecutive calm days is estimated and compared to evaluate maintenance scheduling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]